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Hematopoietic Stem Ceil Transplantation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis Richard K Burt, Jakub Stefka, Dong Cheng, Alexandra Roginsky, Steven Rosen, Ann Traynor Northwestern University and The Robert H Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, IL INTRODUCTION Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being used as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases (SADS). 1 ^* Although this approach remains experimental and unproven, results from phase I trials are encouraging. 5-11 Besides being a potential therapy for patients with high-risk autoimmune diseases, HSCT offers an opportunity to study mechanisms of tolerance and autoimmunity. Initial studies on hematopoietic stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases began in animal models. 12-21 These models continue to provide tools to analyze immunity and tolerance. RELAPSING EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (R-EAE) R-EAE is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) initiated by CD4 + T lymphocytes. 22 Affected animals have a relapsingremitting course that is clinically and histologically similar to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Disease is initiated by active immunization with myelin peptides homogenized in complete Freund's adjuvant or by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from immunized mice. R-EAE is an autoimmune disease that can be induced in a wide variety of species including mice, rats, guinea, pigs, monkeys, and even humans. The relapsing-remitting course suggests that the immune system is not static but dynamic, with wide fluctuations in regulation of autoreactive clones. Disease progression is accompanied by an orderly recruitment of clones responsive to new myelin epitopes. 23,24 The most prevalent myelin protein is proteolipid protein (PLP). If disease is initiated to PLP 139-151 epitope, during each relapse lymphocytes become responsive to other myelin epitopes including PLP 178-191 as well as determinants in myelin basic protein (MBP), another protein within the lipid bilayer of myelin. Syngeneic transplantation of the marrow from a normal mouse resulted in marked improvement in the neurologic disability and histology of mice with R- 464
1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Because lymphocytes from a normal mouse do not respond (proliferate or release cytokines) when presented with PLP or MBP epitopes, we assumed that myeloablation with total-body irradiation and rescue with nondiseased syngeneic marrow would result in a return to myelin-specific immune unresponsiveness. However, despite clinical and histologic improvement, there was no improvement in proliferative responses. Improvement correlated with myelin-specific delayed type hypersensitivity but not proinflammatory cytokine profile or proliferative responses. 16 This indicates either a posttransplant dissociation between lymphocyte proliferative and cytotoxic effector pathways or presence of a posttransplant regulatory or suppressor subset of lymphocytes. HSCT of R-EAE appears to result in a posttransplant "pro-tolerance environment." The mechanisms and milieu of a posttransplant tolerogenic environment are unclear. We are currently studying this effect by retroviral mediated gene marking studies. THEILER'S MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (TMEV) TMEV is an enteric murine picornavirus that causes a CNS biphasic disease marked by an initial viral cytopathic infection followed by autoimmune-mediated demyelination. The disease has a chronic primary-progressive course similar to primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. The importance of the immune system in clearing virus and controlling the initial cytopathic effect is supported by clearance of TMEV from the CNS of disease-resistant murine strains, persistence of CNS infection in disease-susceptible strains, and abrogation of resistance by use of immunosuppressive total-body irradiation. 25 " 27 The importance of the immune system in mediating progressive demyelination is supported by correlation of demyelination with both virus-specific and myelin peptide-specific delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and prevention of demyelination in disease-susceptible strains of mice after treatment with immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide, antithymocyte globulin, or irradiation. 2829 Immune-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to both virion proteins and myelin autoepitopes indicate simultaneous immunity to virus and autoimmunity to myelin epitopes. Immune-mediated destruction of myelin could arise by innocent bystander destruction of myelin after immune-mediated attack directed toward virus epitopes within myelin sheaths. However, approximately 4 weeks after disease onset, T cell responses to myelin epitopes arise in an ordered temporal progression. 29 Lack of crossreactivity between TMEV and myelin epitopes indicates that CNS autoimmunity arises by epitope spreading similar to R-EAE. 29 Syngeneic transplantation from uninfected donor mice into mice with TMEV results in a high early mortality with an increased CNS viral titer (unpublished data). Allogeneic transplantation from uninfected disease-resistant donor strains
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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116 Chapter 3 :CML Table 1. Prolong
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118 Chapter 3: CML Table 3. German
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120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
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Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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1 0 0 1 90- 80- 70- (0 u. 60' o so-
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Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
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CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
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206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
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208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
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212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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Page 454 and 455: 420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
Page 456 and 457: Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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Page 464 and 465: 430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
Page 466 and 467: 432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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Page 476 and 477: 442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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Page 483 and 484: Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
Page 485 and 486: Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
Page 487 and 488: Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
Page 489 and 490: Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
Page 491 and 492: Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
Page 493 and 494: Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
Page 495 and 496: Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
Page 497: Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
Page 501 and 502: Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
Page 503 and 504: Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
Page 505 and 506: Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
Page 507 and 508: Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
Page 509 and 510: Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
Page 511 and 512: Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Page 515: CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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Page 524 and 525: 490 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects 4.
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Page 528 and 529: 494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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Page 534 and 535: 500 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Rl
Page 536 and 537: 502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
Page 538 and 539: 504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
Page 540 and 541: Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
Page 545: CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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