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Autologous Blood Stem Cell Therapy for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Athanasios Fassas, Achilles Anagnostopoulos, Aristide Kazis, Konstantin Kapinas, loanna Sakellari, Vassilis Kimiskidis, Evangelia Yannaki Department of Hematology (A.F., A.A., I.S., E.Y.) and Department of Neurology III (A.K., K.K., V.K.), George Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece ABSTRACT There is strong evidence supporting an immunopathogenic basis for multiple sclerosis (MS), an incurable, severely disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It usually responds to treatment initially, but for the rapidly evolving and the chronic progressive (pMS) forms, there is no effective therapy. Based on the encouraging results of experimental transplantation in animal autoimmune disease models, including allergic encephalomyelitis, we have conducted two consecutive phase I/II trials to investigate the effect of blood stem cell transplantation (SCT) in a total of 24 patients with advanced pMS (median EDSS score 6; range 4.5-8) and evidence of active disease, i.e. gain of 1 EDSS point in the year preceding SCT. In both trials, blood SCs were mobilized with cyclophosphamide (CY) at 4 g/m 2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G- CSF) without serious toxicity or flare of the disease. The BEAM regimen (BCNU, etoposide, cytosine arabinoside, melphalan) was employed for conditioning at doses used in lymphomas. Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) at one-third the dose used to treat aplastic anemia was given after stem cell infusion, along with soluble methylprednisolone. In the second trial, the graft was CD34 + -selected, which yielded a 3- and 1.8-log reduction of T and B cells, respectively. Toxicity included infections, mild veno-occlusive disease (VOD) (one case), thrombotic microangiopathy (TTP) (one case) necessitating plasma exchange, and one death from aspergillosis (transplant-related mortality [TRM], 4%). Some neurotoxicity developed in 10 patients early post-SC infusion, but it was mild and transient. Median follow-up time is 21 months (range 6-33). Twenty patients were stabilized (10) or improved (10) on the EDSS score. Relapses (disease exacerbations) occurred in five patients. The cumulative hazard of progression at 3 years is 14%. These results indicate that SCT is feasible in MS and may also have a beneficial effect. Well-designed phase II trials are needed to confirm a positive result of SCT in MS, in which efficacy of a treatment is notoriously difficult to assess. 452
Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis is a severely disabling, incurable disease caused by a T cell-mediated destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Affected areas are characterized by disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltration with lymphocytes and macrophages. This leads to myelin breakdown and focal neurologic dysfunction. The disease runs a relapsing-remitting course initially, but after 10 years becomes chronic progressive (pMS) in 50% of the cases. Disability accumulates more rapidly at this stage of secondary progression and, 5 years later, more than half of the patients are unable to walk unaided. 1 In 15% of the cases, MS is progressive from onset, with or without relapses (progressive-relapsing or primary pMS, respectively). So-called malignant forms with very short survival exist, too (1-3%). Life expectancy is reduced by -10 years, compared with an agematched healthy population. 1 Treatment involves immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents, which appear to be active in the relapsing-remitting form, whereas in the progressive forms all proposed treatments have very little, only transient, or no effect. 2 The rationale for using SCT in autoimmune diseases (AD) including MS is based on experimental data and also on clinical observations in patients with AD and concomitant malignancies treated with SCT. 34 In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of induced MS, prevention or regression of disease can be achieved by allogeneic, syngeneic, or autologous SCT. 5-8 In the clinical setting, cures of AD have been seen after alloSCT 4 and also prolonged remissions have been noted after autoSCT. 4,9 Relapse rates in experimental SCT depend on residual autoreactive clones surviving high-dose therapy or on high lymphocyte content of reinfused grafts (autoSCT). 8 In clinical SCT, while relapses occur after alio- or autoSCT, they are more frequent after autoSCT. 4 ' 10 It is postulated that alloSCT can cure AD through immune ablation, replacement of the aberrant immune system, and also a graft-vs.-autoimmunity effect. 5 In autoSCT, however, total immune ablation is an impossible goal, but the patient may benefit from the profound immunosuppression of the conditioning regimen. One could also envisage a sort of reeducation of the immune system through induction of suppressor mechanisms or recapitulation of lymphocyte ontogeny. 11-13 Although more reasonable, an allogeneic transplant may be too toxic for the treatment of AD. We have, therefore, used autoSCT to treat 24 patients with pMS in two consecutive pilot phase I/II trials, in which we studied the medical and neurologic toxicity of the protocol and also its efficacy in terms-ef improvement or stabilization of the disease. In both trials, the same protocol was used with the exception that CD34 selection was employed only in the second trial. Early results of trial 1 have already been published (14). In this chapter, we provide an update and also present the results of the second trial.
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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116 Chapter 3 :CML Table 1. Prolong
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118 Chapter 3: CML Table 3. German
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120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
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Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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1 0 0 1 90- 80- 70- (0 u. 60' o so-
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Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
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CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
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206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
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208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
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212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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Page 436 and 437: High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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Page 485: Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Page 507 and 508: Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
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504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
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508 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Ta
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CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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