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Local and Regional Recurrence After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma John W. Sweetenham, Golnaz Taghipovr, Richard D. Weeks Pamela EM. Smartt, Anthony H. Goldstone, Norbert Schmitz CRC Wessex Medical Oncology Unit (J.W.S., R.D.W., P.F.M.S.), University of Southampton, UK; Lymphoma Working Party (G.T., A.H.G., N.S.), European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, S Dept of Clinical Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK ABSTRACT Data from two populations of patients receiving stem cell transplantation (SCT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were analyzed for patterns of relapse after transplantation, including time to relapse, the frequency of local vs. distant relapse, and survival after relapse. Group A comprised 106 patients receiving high-dose therapy and autologous SCT at the University of Southampton, U.K. Group B comprised 1339 patients with NHL relapsing after SCT and with documented sites of relapse recorded on the lymphoma registry of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). In group A, of the 106 patients undergoing autoSCT, 91 had diffuse large B cell NHL (including 13 with transformed follicular lymphoma); 57 (54%) relapsed at a median of 9 months following SCT; 36 (63%) of these relapsed in local/locoregional sites, 15 (27%) in distant sites, and six (10%) at both local and distant sites. The median overall survival (OS) from the date of relapse was 3 months. No difference in OS was seen according to the site of relapse. In group B, of the 1339 patients, 187 had low-grade NHL, 393 intermediate grade, 245 lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL), 75 Burkitt's or Burkittlike (BL), and 439 other high-grade subtypes. Two hundred fifty-nine (19%) of patients relapsed at local/locoregional sites, and 1080 at distant sites ± sites of previous involvement. Local relapse was more frequent in patients with low-, intermediate-, or other high-grade disease, compared with LBL or BL histology (21 vs. 22 vs. 20 vs. 12 vs. 15%, respectively, P=0.016), in patients with single-site disease before SCT compared with those with multiple sites (P
Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells vs. allogeneic bone marrow) and purging/positive stem cell selection had no effect on the frequency of local relapse. Median survival after relapse was 15 months, and was inversely correlated with histologic grade (/MXOOOOOl). No difference in survival was seen according to local vs. distant relapse. These results confirm the poor outlook for all patients relapsing after SCT for NHL, irrespective of the pattern of relapse. Patterns of relapse after SCT are related to clinical features of the disease before autoSCT rather than to treatment variables. New strategies are urgently required to improve the poor outlook for this group of patients. INTRODUCTION High-dose therapy and autoSCT is a curative treatment modality in some patients with relapsed, aggressive NHL. 1 167 Its role as a component of first-line therapy in these diseases is the subject of recently completed and ongoing randomized trials. 23 Its effectiveness in indolent lymphomas remains uncertain, although evidence from single institution and registry-based studies suggests that it may induce longer remissions than those achieved with conventional dose therapy. 45 Although very few published data exist, the outcome for patients who relapse after autoSCT appears to be very poor. In a report from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, the median survival from progression after autoSCT for patients with NHL was only 3 months, with very few patients surviving beyond 3 years. 6 Attempts at further curative therapy in these patients have included the use of cytokines such as interferon, monoclonal antibodies, and further high-dose therapy using either autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Although preliminary data suggest that allogeneic transplantation may produce long-term disease-free survival (DFS) in a small proportion of these patients, most die rapidly from recurrent disease. Only limited data are available on patterns of relapse after high-dose therapy and autoSCT in NHL. Some series, primarily in patients with low-grade lymphoma, have reported a tendency for recurrence to occur at previously involved sites. 7 However, similar data have rarely been reported for aggressive NHL, and the influence of the site or sites of relapse on subsequent outcome has not been investigated. We have investigated patterns of relapse after high-dose therapy for NHL in a series of patients presenting to one institution over an 8-year period, and in a separate population of patients relapsing after autoSCT who have been reported to the lymphoma registry of the EBMT. The aims of the study were to identify patterns of relapse and the incidence of local and locoregional relapse in patients with NHL receiving high-dose therapy
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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Page 154 and 155: 120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
Page 156 and 157: 122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
Page 158 and 159: 124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
Page 160 and 161: 126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
Page 162 and 163: The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
Page 164 and 165: 130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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Page 168 and 169: 134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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Page 175 and 176: Reece et al. survival is observed i
Page 177 and 178: 0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
Page 179 and 180: Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
Page 181 and 182: Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
Page 183 and 184: CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
Page 185 and 186: Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
Page 187 and 188: Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
Page 189 and 190: Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
Page 191 and 192: Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
Page 193 and 194: Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
Page 195 and 196: The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Page 199: Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
Page 203 and 204: Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
Page 205 and 206: Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
Page 207 and 208: Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
Page 209 and 210: Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
Page 211 and 212: A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
Page 213 and 214: Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
Page 215 and 216: Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
Page 217 and 218: Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
Page 219 and 220: Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
Page 221 and 222: Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
Page 223 and 224: Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
Page 225 and 226: Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
Page 227 and 228: Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
Page 229 and 230: Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
Page 231 and 232: Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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Page 235 and 236: Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
Page 237: CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
Page 240 and 241: 206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
Page 242 and 243: 208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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Page 246 and 247: 212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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414 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 64. Bru
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416 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prignot
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418 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors CO > CO
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420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
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Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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424 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors and the
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426 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Thiotep
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430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
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432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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434 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors boplati
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436 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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438 - Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table
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440 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors seeded
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442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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444 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 10. Di
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446 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors plasma
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Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
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Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
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Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
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Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
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Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
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Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
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Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
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1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Becaus
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Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
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Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
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Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders neousl
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CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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484 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects po
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486 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Ta
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488 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects ml
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490 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects 4.
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492 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects us
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494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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Page 532 and 533:
498 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects En
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500 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Rl
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502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
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504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
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Page 545:
CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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