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248 Chapter 6: Breast Cancer cells can contribute to relapse and influence patient outcome after high-dose treatment. 6 Tumor cell contamination can be observed in histologically normal bone marrow autografts in patients undergoing high-dose treatment using sensitive immunocytochemical techniques. Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) autografts are increasingly used in the belief that these products will have a low probability of containing tumor cells. Recent findings confirm that although tumor cell involvement is less extensive in PBSC autografts than in bone marrow, it is still frequently found in PBPC collections from breast cancer patients. 7-9 Nonetheless, relapse after high-dose chemotherapy will most likely be the result of persisting tumor cells in the patients. Consequently, detection methods for minimal residual disease in the bone marrow before and after therapy and in autografts are of growing importance in the evaluation of patients receiving highdose chemotherapy with stem cell support. Immunocytochemistry employing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is the most frequently used method to detect tumor cells in bone marrow and blood. The method should be specific, and the mAbs applied should not crossreact with normal cells. Since the mAbs frequently used are tumor-associated and not specific against breast cancer cells, immunostaining protocols have some limitations. The presence of minimal residual disease in bone marrow detected by immunocytochemistry has frequently been studied in breast cancer patients at diagnosis (Table 1). Experience has shown that despite the need for standardization and improvement of immunocytochemical protocols, meta-analyses confirm the presence of micrometastases in bone marrow at diagnosis as an independent predictor of both reduced disease-free survival and overall survival. 10-16 In Scandinavia, we have recently finished an adjuvant study in high-risk stage II breast cancer. Patients were randomized to have dose escalation of chemotherapy with hematopoietic growth factor or high-dose therapy with PBPC support (Protocol FBG 9401 chaired by J. Bergh, Uppsala, Sweden). Among patients entering this study in Norway, micrometastatic detection was performed on bone marrow and blood before treatment, in PBPC, and on bone marrow and blood 6-12 months after treatment. Even though the observation time is short, the presence of circulating tumor cells appears to be associated with early relapse after high-dose therapy and stem cell support. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and high-dose therapy Breast cancer patients with a life expectancy of less than 30% after 5 years were randomized to have either nine cycles of dose escalation of FEC (5-fluorouracil, epiadriamycin and cyclophosphamide) supported by subcutaneous (s.c.)
Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immunocytochemical detection of breast cancer cells in bone marrow Marker Patients (n) Detection ratio (LN+:LN-) Prognostic value EMA13 350 33:19% + 2E1112 727 59:31% + CK-214 95 11.9:7.5% ND C26,T16,AE115 51 41:27% + AE1,AE35 124 29%:— ND EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; 2E11, breast mucin antigen; CK-2,CK-8,18,19AE1AE2 mAbs against different cytokeratin antigens; C26, T16, mAbs reacting with distinct epith specific antigens; ND, not determined. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (filgrastim 5 ug/kg; Amgen/Roche) or three cycles of FEC plus high-dose therapy followed by stem cell support. Mobilization and collection of PBPC was done by combining the third cycle of FEC plus G-CSF. Three days after the end of chemotherapy treatment, the patients were given daily s.c. G-CSF (filgrastim 5 ug/kg). When a peak of CD34-positive cells appeared in the blood, usually at day 11 to 12 after initiating the chemotherapy, leukapheresis was performed with a CS 3000 Fenwal Cell Separator with a flow rate of 70 mL/min. Ten liters of blood were processed. CD34 + cell numbers were calculated, and the cells were frozen until use. CD34 + cell enrichment was performed in 30 patients using the ISOLEX 300 procedure as reported previously. 17 The mean purity of CD34 + cells after positive selection was 98% (91.5-99.7%) with a mean yield of 48 (35—81). High-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer patients consisted of daily administration for 4 days with cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m 2 , carboplatin 200 mg/m 2 , thiotepa 125 mg/m 2 , and uromitexan 15 mg/kg every 4 h. Three days after finishing the chemotherapy, the cells were reinfused. From day 2 after reinfusion of PBPC or CD34 + cells, G-CSF (filgrastim 5 ug/kg s.c.) was administered daily until reconstitution. After high-dose therapy, all patients were given irradiation to the chest wall plus tamoxifen 20 mg/d for 5 years. Immunocvtochemistry Sensitive immunocytochemical methods have been developed using tumorassociated mAbs and alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP)staining techniques to detect occult micrometastatic tumor cells in blood and bone marrow. In most reports, cytospins containing a total number of 0.5-1 X10 5 mononuclear bone marrow cells were tested. Recently, a new cytocentrifuge method has been developed making it possible to test 0.5 X10 6 cells on each slide. 11 A bilateral bone marrow aspiration from posterior iliac crest and blood were taken before and 6-12 months after therapy from 124 patients entering the randomized
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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116 Chapter 3 :CML Table 1. Prolong
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118 Chapter 3: CML Table 3. German
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120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
Page 231 and 232: Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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Page 235 and 236: Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
Page 237: CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
Page 240 and 241: 206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
Page 242 and 243: 208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
Page 244 and 245: 210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
Page 246 and 247: 212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
Page 248 and 249: 214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
Page 250 and 251: 216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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Page 254 and 255: 220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
Page 256 and 257: Autologous Transplantation in Multi
Page 258 and 259: 224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
Page 260 and 261: 226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
Page 262 and 263: 228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
Page 264 and 265: 230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
Page 266 and 267: 232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
Page 268 and 269: 234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
Page 270 and 271: 236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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Page 274 and 275: Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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Page 278 and 279: 244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
Page 281: The Presence of Micrometastases in
Page 285 and 286: Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
Page 287 and 288: Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
Page 289 and 290: Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
Page 291 and 292: Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
Page 293 and 294: #CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
Page 295 and 296: Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
Page 297 and 298: Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
Page 299 and 300: The Clinical Significance of Breast
Page 301 and 302: Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
Page 303 and 304: Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
Page 305 and 306: Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
Page 307 and 308: Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
Page 309 and 310: Autotransplantation for Men With Br
Page 311 and 312: McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
Page 313 and 314: High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
Page 315 and 316: Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
Page 317 and 318: Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
Page 319 and 320: Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
Page 321 and 322: Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
Page 323 and 324: Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
Page 325 and 326: Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
Page 327 and 328: Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
Page 329 and 330: Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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414 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 64. Bru
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416 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prignot
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418 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors CO > CO
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420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
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Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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424 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors and the
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426 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Thiotep
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430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
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432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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434 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors boplati
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436 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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438 - Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table
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440 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors seeded
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442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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444 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 10. Di
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446 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors plasma
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Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
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Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
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Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
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Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
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Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
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Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
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Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
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1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Becaus
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Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
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Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
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Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders neousl
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CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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484 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects po
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486 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Ta
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488 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects ml
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490 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects 4.
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492 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects us
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494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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498 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects En
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500 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Rl
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502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
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504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
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CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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