Freedom, Society, and State - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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FOOTNOTES (l)See Rudolph Rocker, "Anarchism and Anarcho Syndicalism," appendix to Paul Eltzbacher, Anarchism (New York: Chip's, n.d.), pp. 227-72; and George Woodcock, "Syndicalism, the Industrial Expression of Anarchism," Patterns of Anarchy. eds. L. I. Krimmerman and L. Perry (New York: Anchor, 1966), pp. 38-42. Also see Mulford Sibley, Political Ideas and Ideologies (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 547 48; and Get D. H. Cole, Social Theory (London: 1920), especially pp. 128-43. (2)Peter Kropotkin, "Fields, FactorieS and Workshops," The Essent ial Kropotkio. eds. E. Caporya and K. Thomp kin s ( New Yo r k : L i verigh t, 19 7 S), pp. 27 0 - 7 2 ; and Alexander Berkman, The ABC of Anarchism (London: F r e e d om Pre s s, 1973), p. 76. (3)Kropotkin, p. 282. (4)Ibid., p. 272. (S)Berkman, pp. 68-69. Such statements as these by Berkman and Kropotkin abound in the literature. They c I ear I yindieate ami sun d e r s tanding 0 f how e con om i c systems -- all economic systems -- function. The purpose of an economic system is to produce and distribute goo d san d s e r vice s • But, a s Thoma s S owe 11 po i n t S ou t , "what is crucial for understanding the way it functions is that it is a system for rationing goods and services that are inadequate to supply all that people want." This is true for all economic systems, including communism. Because goods were so abundant that rationing was not necessary, "the Garden of Eden was not an economic system." Writers such as Berkman and Kropotkin seem to assume that scarcity is not a fact of nature but a product of the capitalist economic system. Scarci ty will disappear when the economic system is changed to socialism. Witness Berkman's comment that under socialism "as much food will be raised as the country needs." But, as Sowell notes, "because economic systems are essentially systems of rationing, any successfu 1 funct ion ing economic system would have unmet needs everywhere. The alternative would be to completely satisfy all of some category of needs -- the most urgent, the moderately important, and the trivially marginal thereby leaving still more unsatisfied (and far more urgent) needs unmet elsewhere in the economy The mundane fact of insufficiencv must be insisted upon and reiterated because so many discussions of 'unmet needs' proceed as if 'better' policies, practices, ora t tit u des wo u Id's 0 1ve' the prob I em a t han d wit h 0 u t 264
creat ing deficIencies elsewhere. Typical of thIs attit u d e i s the commen t t hat 'I f weean send a rna n tot he moon, why can't we --' followed by whatever project the speaker favors. The fact that we sent a man to the moon is par t of the reason why many other things could not be done." Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 45-46. ( 6 ) I s rae I K i r z n e r, Ma r k e t The 0 r y and the Pr ice System (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1963). ( 7 ) I bid., p. 39. (8)F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1972,), pp. 86-87. ( 9 ) L u dwig von Mis e s, Soc i ali sm (London: J. Cap e , 1969), p. 535. (lO)F. A. Hayek, "What is 'Social'? What Does It Mea n ? ,n StudiesIn Phi los 0 phy, Pol i ticsandEc0 nom i c s (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969), p. 244. Also see E. C. Pasour, "On Economic Justice," Modern Age (Summer 1981), pp. 290-99. (11) F.A. Hayek, The Road to Ser fdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), pp. 61-64. (12)Ibid., p. 74. (13)Murray Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State (Los An gel e s : Nash, 19 7 0 ), pp. 5 60 - 61 • (14)Murray Rothbard, "Anarcho-Communism," Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature, and other essays (Washington, D. C.: Libertarian Review Press, 1974), pp. 121-24. (15)The pioneering work on this topic was F. A. Hayek's "The Use of Knowledge in Society." See his Individualism and Economic Order, pp.77-91. Also see Thomas Sowell's brilliant and in-depth study, Knowledge and Decisions, op cit. Also valuable is E. C. Pasour, "Economic Efficiency: Touchstone or Mirage," The Intercollegiate Review (Fall/Winter 1981), pp. 33-44. (16)The classic work on the subject of economic calculation was done by Ludwig von Mises. See his Human Action (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1966), pp. 200-31 and 689-715; and his Socialism. Also see F. A. Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning (Clifton, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley, 1975), and Don Lavoie, National Economic Planning: What is Left? ( Cam b rid g e : Ba I I I nge r, 19 85 ). Os car La n g e a 1legedly "refuted ll Mises on this point. But see Paul Craig Roberts, "Oskar Lange's Theory of Socialist Planning," Journal of Politicsl Economy (May 1971), pp. 562-77. Also of great interest is the entire Winter 1982 issue of The Journal of Libertarian Studies WhICh is devoted to Ilan economic critique of soclal- 265
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FREEDOM, SOCIETY AND THESTATE An In
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To Emmy iii
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V. Some Justification for the State
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FORWARD by William O. Reichert Prof
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o lie s 0 f we a I t h t hat h a v
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contrary, it would not be too stron
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1. THE EOONCNIC SPECTRUM OF ANARCHI
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will become practically indistingui
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Proudhon. And again, "Instead of la
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ished or expelled from the Union. A
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he sees no reason why government wo
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law" on non-monopolistic mechanisms
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logic of the Beairdian analysis, ev
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tal of nations, and of ages ••
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welfare state such as John Rawls. B
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ma j 0 r rep res en tat i v e fig u
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aut h 0 r 's Ene m i e s 0 f the Pe
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power s 0 f go ver nme n t can be r
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ish." Second, it is argued that "It
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natural law that develops the conce
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e it he r on his own proper ty or o
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FOOTNOTES {I )Alexander Berkman, AB
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Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against
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CHAPTER II I The Stale IS I Casle I
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con t r a s t toth0 searea s suehas
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tain a perpetual flux.(12) But rega
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latter is the embodiment of violenc
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individual liberty is subordinated
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that is so characteristic a feature
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qui tel 0 g i c a I I y con c Iuded
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I a t ion. T his ex p I a ins s u c
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5. WHO RULES THE STATE? It is clear
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6. COMMENTS AND EVALUATION Before e
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One must admit that it is an accura
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Responsiveness D ------------- W D'
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u n b a I a needin f a v0 r 0 f a (
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able to the majority." Human Action
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III, "From Laissez-Faire to Zwangsw
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T. Armantano, The Myths of Antitrus
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tion for the phenomenon of imperial
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isks of competition and to institu'
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pIe and interest to the government
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question then becomes "why the majo
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pol icy. But this, of course, is no
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determine and an examination of thi
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ev i dence is abundan t and the can
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Imperialism in 1891, cd. T. Greene'
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u. S. T r a de," and Ge 0 f f r e y
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150
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i n t e r c han g e betweenthe t h
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obtained the declaration of the gen
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mands of the majority by including
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vided in John Lock's argument from
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Mulford Sibley pungently notes, thi
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i n d 00 r s, and an ext e r na I d
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for prevent ing abuse) that large p
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spons i b iIi ty .of insuring every
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FOOTNOTES (l)Plato, "The Crito," Gr
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(29)Or should render. Spencer unfor
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CHAPTER VI Philos 0phicaI Anarc his
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in the ir personal struggle. They a
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es p 0 n sib iii ties wh i c h rna
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another, thereby violating the latt
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produces poverty, and the fear of p
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lender would be el iminated, result
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fit the creditors in three ways: [1
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No power granted to the government,
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forcing the less productive land in
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4. BENJAMIN TUCKER, LYSANDER SPOONE
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the moral duty, of all other childr
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5 • TUCKER AND HIS JOURNAL, "L I
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6. CONCLUSION: THE DECLINE OF PHILO
Page 231 and 232: FOOTNOTES ( 1 ) F ran z 0 p pen h e
Page 233 and 234: American Heritage (February 1969),
Page 235 and 236: ( 4 0 ) I nib i d . ,... p. 1 1 2
Page 237: (73)Lysander Spooner, "No Treason,
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Page 242 and 243: A common criticism of this type of
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Page 248 and 249: T h us, for two reasons, the e cono
Page 250 and 251: Wh i let her e is, a dm itt e d I y
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Page 257: Second, SInce one can define a conc
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Page 278 and 279: The ·individualist anarchist appea
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Page 285 and 286: here. First, the use of imprecise c
Page 287 and 288: west Political Science Convention,
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Page 307 and 308: What of the other option of making
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Page 314 and 315: ter to indirect exchange when indiv
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market, probably fewer services tha
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(49 )M. Friedman t "Playboy Intervi
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( 88 ) See, for e x amp Ie, Rob e r
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CHAPTER IX Controlling Aggression:
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king but was a completely novel phe
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ficiency of the common law as the s
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u n til r e c e n t I Y c I e a n a
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is also far greater long run stabil
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que s t ion w i I I permit us tog0
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f e ri s e- s e r vic e s bot h nee
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or collective communities. As Jerom
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"Secondly and similarly, the two pa
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themselves and their customers from
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mer c han t I a w • Mer c han t s
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a SOcIety, not in which no institut
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Phi losopher Robert Nozick, as we h
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large SIze is associated with lower
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"Coercive acts are destructive of v
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incredible. Between 1919, when they
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i s t h us an aut oma tic pr 0 tee
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that i tma k e s little difference
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This doe s I' a i sea n i n t ere s
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is rigorously limited to the indivi
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national defense agencies strike me
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of the Ruhr in 1923. Later examples
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in, even sacr i f i ce themselves f
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(38)Hayek, p. 35. (39)See Robert No
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Nozick is a natural rights advocate
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(102)Rothbard, "War, Peace and the
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desirable. Order is a necessary ele
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"free" education for children; much
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G i v e n 0 u r b r i e f 0 v e r v
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F Fisher, J. Greevz, 194 Flynn, Joh
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Renshaw, Edward, 295 Ricardo, David
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