Freedom, Society, and State - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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teet ion from just claims against them.(57) Thus, while the anarchists feel that the use of retal iatory force is justified in forcing the aggressor to reimburse the victim for the damages caused him, they also believe that it would be only rarely required. c. Police Protection. Even granting that physical force would be required only occasionally, a crucial question is how c 0 u Ids u chas y s t em cop e withitsus e when i t wa s required? The a n arch.i s t s a r g ue t hat 0nat0 t a I I Y f r e e rna r ke t many defense agencies or police companies would emerge and provide protection services to consumers on a cont rae t u a I bas is. Wh i 1 e therea r e n ume r 0 us wa y s t his could be done, perhaps the most likely is that "such services would be sold on an advance-subscription bas is, wi th premiums paid regularly and services to be supplied on call."(58) The various defense agencies or pol ice companies would offer their services on the mark e t. Any i n d i v i d u a 1 couIde i the r prov ide for his own defense or purchase the services of one of the various police companies. Just as with any other good, the market would provide for a plethora of protection policies offered at different rates and designed to meet a h 0 s t 0 f d iff ere n t con sumerne e d s sothat thos e wh 0 desired twenty-four-hour-a-day bodyguards could hire them, while those who merely desired an occasional nightly check of the premises could get what they wante d • N0 0 new0 u 1 d be for c ed, i. e ., t a xed, to pay for protection he did not want and everyone would be free to purchase the quant i ty and qual i ty of protection services he desired, including none at all. It is impor tant to real ize exactly what the anarchi s t s are referr i ng to wh enthe y s peak 0 f con t raeting for protective services, for there has been much confusion on this issue. Charles J. Wheeler, for example, says that the anarchist is opposed to government because "the government must be a coercive monopoly, which logically entails the initiation of force against would-be compet i tors to remain in existence." Since anarchists are opposed to this monopoly they therefore must have "no objection to a society that has more than one institution, i.e., several, that enforces rules via ini tiatory force••. Free market anarchism posits... 348
a SOcIety, not in which no institution can initiate force, but in which any institution can initiate force."(59) This is surely a misinterpretation. With the sin g leex c eDt ion 0 f 0 a v i d Fr i e dma n, f r e e rna r ke t a narc his m s tar t s from the nat u r a I law pos i t ion t ha t eve r yon e has a righ t to his own I i f e and tothe f r u its of his own labor. It follows, they believe, that everyone has a right to defend his life and property. This he can do either himself, or by contracting the services of another. Since specialization results in both cheaper and better services, anarchists believe t hat the a g en c i e sspe cia 1 i z i ngin s uc h s e r vice s wo u 1d be the primary means by which protection would be handled. But when one contracts the services of a police com pan y t hi s me an s t hat "the agen t rna y t a k e any act ions whie h the man hims elf wo u I d ha vether i g h t tota ke but may not do anything which the man himself would not have the right to do. ."(60) Since no one has the fIght to initiate the use of violence, police companies could not legally use violence against noninvasive individuals and could be sued if they did. If companies e i the r i nit i ate d for ceo r pro t e c ted thos e wh 0 did, "they would not be competing agencies of retaliatory force at all. Rather, they would be criminal gangs pur e and s imp 1 e • " ( 61 ) Thus, wh i 1e Wh eel e r i s cor r e c t in pointing out that anarchists view government as a coercive monopoly, he is incorrect in stating that they oppose government because it is a monopoly. They have no objection to non-coercive monopolies, i.e., those monopolies that maintain themselves by providing better services at cheaper prices than any competitor. They oppose government because it is an agency of initiated force. Consequently, as Louis Rollins points out, far from advocating a society in which any individual or agency has the right to commit aggression, free market a narc hismad v 0 cat esa" soc i e t yin wh i c h no ins tit ution holds any authority to commit aggression."(62) The only exception to this is the alternative propo sed by Oa vi d F r i e dma n • Sinc e F r i e dma n i s aut iii tar ian rather t han a nat ur a 1- righ t sadv0 cat e , he takes the pos i t ion tha t pol ice and court companies would enforce those "laws" which were most profitable. There would s til 1 bear u 1 e 0 f 1aw, he fee 1s, sinc e not even rna ny "murderers would wish to live under laws that permitted the m t 0 k ill and b e k i I led . " Conseq uen t 1y, s uchIaws as those prohibiting murder and other common crimes would arise in every society and any agency that simply sold "justice by deciding in favor of the highest bidder" would be driven out of business. "That would 349
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FREEDOM, SOCIETY AND THESTATE An In
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To Emmy iii
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V. Some Justification for the State
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FORWARD by William O. Reichert Prof
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o lie s 0 f we a I t h t hat h a v
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contrary, it would not be too stron
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1. THE EOONCNIC SPECTRUM OF ANARCHI
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will become practically indistingui
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Proudhon. And again, "Instead of la
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ished or expelled from the Union. A
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he sees no reason why government wo
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law" on non-monopolistic mechanisms
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logic of the Beairdian analysis, ev
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tal of nations, and of ages ••
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welfare state such as John Rawls. B
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ma j 0 r rep res en tat i v e fig u
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aut h 0 r 's Ene m i e s 0 f the Pe
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power s 0 f go ver nme n t can be r
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ish." Second, it is argued that "It
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natural law that develops the conce
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e it he r on his own proper ty or o
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FOOTNOTES {I )Alexander Berkman, AB
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Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against
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CHAPTER II I The Stale IS I Casle I
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con t r a s t toth0 searea s suehas
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tain a perpetual flux.(12) But rega
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latter is the embodiment of violenc
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individual liberty is subordinated
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that is so characteristic a feature
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qui tel 0 g i c a I I y con c Iuded
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I a t ion. T his ex p I a ins s u c
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5. WHO RULES THE STATE? It is clear
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6. COMMENTS AND EVALUATION Before e
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One must admit that it is an accura
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Responsiveness D ------------- W D'
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u n b a I a needin f a v0 r 0 f a (
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able to the majority." Human Action
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III, "From Laissez-Faire to Zwangsw
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T. Armantano, The Myths of Antitrus
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tion for the phenomenon of imperial
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isks of competition and to institu'
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pIe and interest to the government
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question then becomes "why the majo
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pol icy. But this, of course, is no
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determine and an examination of thi
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ev i dence is abundan t and the can
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Imperialism in 1891, cd. T. Greene'
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u. S. T r a de," and Ge 0 f f r e y
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150
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i n t e r c han g e betweenthe t h
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obtained the declaration of the gen
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mands of the majority by including
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vided in John Lock's argument from
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Mulford Sibley pungently notes, thi
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i n d 00 r s, and an ext e r na I d
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for prevent ing abuse) that large p
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spons i b iIi ty .of insuring every
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FOOTNOTES (l)Plato, "The Crito," Gr
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(29)Or should render. Spencer unfor
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CHAPTER VI Philos 0phicaI Anarc his
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in the ir personal struggle. They a
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es p 0 n sib iii ties wh i c h rna
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another, thereby violating the latt
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produces poverty, and the fear of p
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lender would be el iminated, result
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fit the creditors in three ways: [1
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No power granted to the government,
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forcing the less productive land in
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4. BENJAMIN TUCKER, LYSANDER SPOONE
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the moral duty, of all other childr
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5 • TUCKER AND HIS JOURNAL, "L I
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6. CONCLUSION: THE DECLINE OF PHILO
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FOOTNOTES ( 1 ) F ran z 0 p pen h e
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American Heritage (February 1969),
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( 4 0 ) I nib i d . ,... p. 1 1 2
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(73)Lysander Spooner, "No Treason,
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chist advocates the sanctity of pri
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A common criticism of this type of
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issued, without more than a handful
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poi n t sout tit i s not en 0 ugh t
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T h us, for two reasons, the e cono
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Wh i let her e is, a dm itt e d I y
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itself coerCive, but either may be
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only "negative" but, as Hayek point
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Second, SInce one can define a conc
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a I' ," Cha r I es Murray has noted
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dIe and upper class individuals beg
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wage the unskilled might find jobs.
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endeavoring to gain access to the l
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desire to represent the views of th
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ere d t t e x pan s ton ereate s rn
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accused the minarchists of inconsis
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The ·individualist anarchist appea
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wr itt en, " The consis ten c y 0 f
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creat ing deficIencies elsewhere. T
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here. First, the use of imprecise c
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west Political Science Convention,
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to carry out the wishes of others.
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. Eminent Domain. If the r e we r e
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The i n d i v i d u a I has the rig
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qUIckly find hImself with few custo
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3. For the natural rights advocate
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ment expert has no incentive to rea
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What of the other option of making
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hand, these delays have caused 21,0
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ter to indirect exchange when indiv
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Page 341 and 342: CHAPTER IX Controlling Aggression:
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Page 351: is also far greater long run stabil
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Page 358 and 359: or collective communities. As Jerom
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Page 397 and 398: (38)Hayek, p. 35. (39)See Robert No
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Page 404: desirable. Order is a necessary ele
Page 407 and 408: "free" education for children; much
Page 410 and 411: G i v e n 0 u r b r i e f 0 v e r v
Page 412 and 413: F Fisher, J. Greevz, 194 Flynn, Joh
Page 414 and 415: Renshaw, Edward, 295 Ricardo, David
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