Freedom, Society, and State - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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(84)Ibid., pp. 155-56. (85) Ibid., pp. 157-58. (86)The paradigms are discussed in Gordon Tullock, "Does Punishment Deter Crime?", The Public Interest (Summer 1974), pp. 103-11; Marc Plattner, "The Rehabilitation of Punishment," The Public Interest (Summer 1976), pp. 104-14; John Hospers, "Some Problems about Punishment and the Retal iatory Use of Force, Parts I and I I ," Reason (November 1972 and January 1973), pp. 1 4 - 2 0 8 n d 1 9 - 2 6, res p e c t i vel y; A I a n Bentand Ra I ph R 0 s sum, Pol ice. Crim ina 1 Jus tiee 8 n d the Comm un i t Y (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), pp. 143-88. Restit uti 0 n isspee i f i cally dis c ussedin Ra f fa e 1e Ga r 0 fa 10 , "Enforced Reparation as a Substitute for Imprisonment," Considering the V·ietim, eds.: Joe Hudson and Burt Galloway (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1975), pp. 43-56. (87)Randy Barnett, "Restitution: A New Paradigm of Criminal Justice," Ethics (July 1977), p. 292. (88)Ibid., ppe 296-98. ( 8 9 ) T his i s dis c u sse d by Ch a r I e sKi n g, "A Rationale for Punishment," The Journal of Libertarian Studies (Spring 1980), p. 159. (90)Tannehill and Tannehill, pp. 126-27. (91)Ibid .. Also see Sneed's excellent outline, pp. 122-23. ( 9 2 ) See, for exampIe, Ro u I Tun ley, "Ma king P r i son s Pay," Reader's Digest (June 1979), pp. 49-56; also see "P r 0 f i 1 e Swe den," i n Co r r e ct ions Magaz i ne (June 1977), pp. 11-37, and especially pp. 22-25: "Inmates .Work for Free Market Wages at Tillberga Prison." Also See Kat hIe n e J. 8m i t h, "A euref0 r Cr i me ," Conside r inIt the Vietim, eds.: Joe Hudson and Burt Galloway (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1975), pp. 340-50; and Gilbert Cantor, "An End to Crime and Punishment," The Shingle (May 1976), pp. 99-114. (93)Murray Rothbard, "War, Peace and the State," Ega 1 i tar ian ism As a Revol t Against Nature, and Other E s say s ( Was h i n g ton, D. C.: Lib e r tar ian Review Pre s s , 1974), pp. 71-72. (94)Ibid., p. 75; and Tannehill and Tannehill, pp. 126-27. (95)Rothbard, "War, Peace and the State," p. 79; and Tannehill and Tannehill, p. 127. (96)Wollstein, pp. 24-27. ( 97 ) See F r i e dma n, p. 192. (98)Tannehill and Tannehill, p. 128. ( 99 ) F r i e dma n, p • 128. (100)in ibid., pp. 191-92. (lOl)Tannehill and Tannehill, p. 132-133. 382
(102)Rothbard, "War, Peace and the State." p. 73. (103)Gene Sharp, "National Defense without Armaments." Peace and War, eds.: Charles Beitz and Theodore Herman (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1973), p. 352. (104)Gene Sharp, quoted in American Friends Service Committee, In Place of War (New York: Gr 0 s srna n, 19 67 ), P • 44. (105)Etienne de La Boetie, The Polities of Obedience (New York: Free Life Editions, 1975); William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1976), especially pp. 255-66; Benjamin Tucker, Individual Liberty ( Mil 1wood, NY: K r a us Re p r i nt, 19 7 3 ), pp. 7 6 - 81; and Leo T 0 1 s toy, 0 n C i viI Dis 0 bed i enc e and Non- Vi olenee ( New York: Signet, 1968). (106)Sharp, p. 352; also see Gene Sharp, Exploring Nonviolent Alternatives (Boston: Porter-Sargent, 1971), p. 64. The literature on nonviolent tactics is quite extensive. In addition to those works already cited see Mulford Sibley, ed., The Quiet Battle ( B 0 s ton: Be a con Pre s s, 19 6 3 ); Ma han d as Ga n d hi, Nonviolent Resistance (New York: Schock en Books, 1974); and Wi 11 iam Mi IIer, Nonviolence (New York: Schocken Books, 1966). (107) Sharp, "National Defense Without Armaments," pp. 354-55. ( 108 ) See the ex celIe n tar tic I e by And r ew Ma c k , "How Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict," World Politics (January 1975), pp. 175-200. ( 1 0 9 ) I nib i d ., p , 18 5 , On guerr ill a t act i cssee especially Mao Tse-tung, Basic Tactics (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1967), Ernesto Guevara, Che Guevara on Guerilla Warfare (New York, 1961); and Charles Thayer, Guerilla (New York: Harper and Row, 1963). (110)Gandhi; and Sharp, Nonviolent Alternatives, p p. 5 7 - 6 1. A 1 s 0 see J e s s i e Wa 1 1ace Hug a nand Ce c i 1 Hirshaw, "Toward a Non-Violent National Defense," The Quiet Battle, ed. Mulford Sibley (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), pp. 316-56. (111 )See Nisbet, Twilight of Authority (New Yo r k: Ox for d, 1975), pp. 155- 56 • (112)Martha Byrd, "The Home Front -- World War lIt" American History Illustrated (July 1979)t pp. 11-14. 383
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FREEDOM, SOCIETY AND THESTATE An In
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To Emmy iii
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V. Some Justification for the State
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FORWARD by William O. Reichert Prof
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o lie s 0 f we a I t h t hat h a v
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contrary, it would not be too stron
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1. THE EOONCNIC SPECTRUM OF ANARCHI
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will become practically indistingui
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Proudhon. And again, "Instead of la
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ished or expelled from the Union. A
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he sees no reason why government wo
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law" on non-monopolistic mechanisms
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logic of the Beairdian analysis, ev
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tal of nations, and of ages ••
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welfare state such as John Rawls. B
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ma j 0 r rep res en tat i v e fig u
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aut h 0 r 's Ene m i e s 0 f the Pe
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power s 0 f go ver nme n t can be r
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ish." Second, it is argued that "It
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natural law that develops the conce
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e it he r on his own proper ty or o
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FOOTNOTES {I )Alexander Berkman, AB
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Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against
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CHAPTER II I The Stale IS I Casle I
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con t r a s t toth0 searea s suehas
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tain a perpetual flux.(12) But rega
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latter is the embodiment of violenc
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individual liberty is subordinated
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that is so characteristic a feature
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qui tel 0 g i c a I I y con c Iuded
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I a t ion. T his ex p I a ins s u c
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5. WHO RULES THE STATE? It is clear
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6. COMMENTS AND EVALUATION Before e
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One must admit that it is an accura
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Responsiveness D ------------- W D'
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u n b a I a needin f a v0 r 0 f a (
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able to the majority." Human Action
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III, "From Laissez-Faire to Zwangsw
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T. Armantano, The Myths of Antitrus
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tion for the phenomenon of imperial
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isks of competition and to institu'
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pIe and interest to the government
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question then becomes "why the majo
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pol icy. But this, of course, is no
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determine and an examination of thi
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ev i dence is abundan t and the can
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Imperialism in 1891, cd. T. Greene'
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u. S. T r a de," and Ge 0 f f r e y
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150
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i n t e r c han g e betweenthe t h
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obtained the declaration of the gen
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mands of the majority by including
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vided in John Lock's argument from
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Mulford Sibley pungently notes, thi
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i n d 00 r s, and an ext e r na I d
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for prevent ing abuse) that large p
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spons i b iIi ty .of insuring every
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FOOTNOTES (l)Plato, "The Crito," Gr
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(29)Or should render. Spencer unfor
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CHAPTER VI Philos 0phicaI Anarc his
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in the ir personal struggle. They a
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es p 0 n sib iii ties wh i c h rna
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another, thereby violating the latt
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produces poverty, and the fear of p
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lender would be el iminated, result
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fit the creditors in three ways: [1
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No power granted to the government,
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forcing the less productive land in
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4. BENJAMIN TUCKER, LYSANDER SPOONE
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the moral duty, of all other childr
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5 • TUCKER AND HIS JOURNAL, "L I
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6. CONCLUSION: THE DECLINE OF PHILO
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FOOTNOTES ( 1 ) F ran z 0 p pen h e
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American Heritage (February 1969),
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( 4 0 ) I nib i d . ,... p. 1 1 2
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(73)Lysander Spooner, "No Treason,
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chist advocates the sanctity of pri
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A common criticism of this type of
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issued, without more than a handful
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poi n t sout tit i s not en 0 ugh t
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T h us, for two reasons, the e cono
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Wh i let her e is, a dm itt e d I y
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itself coerCive, but either may be
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only "negative" but, as Hayek point
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Second, SInce one can define a conc
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a I' ," Cha r I es Murray has noted
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dIe and upper class individuals beg
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wage the unskilled might find jobs.
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endeavoring to gain access to the l
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desire to represent the views of th
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ere d t t e x pan s ton ereate s rn
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accused the minarchists of inconsis
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The ·individualist anarchist appea
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wr itt en, " The consis ten c y 0 f
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creat ing deficIencies elsewhere. T
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here. First, the use of imprecise c
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west Political Science Convention,
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to carry out the wishes of others.
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. Eminent Domain. If the r e we r e
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The i n d i v i d u a I has the rig
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qUIckly find hImself with few custo
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3. For the natural rights advocate
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ment expert has no incentive to rea
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What of the other option of making
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hand, these delays have caused 21,0
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ter to indirect exchange when indiv
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In shor t, 1 i ber tar ians do not
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at any particular time. It is the d
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and therei s nor e a son the Uti li
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The foregoing is a highly imaginati
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a1 either market or non-market -- m
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less likely' to subscrIbe to a comp
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market, probably fewer services tha
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(49 )M. Friedman t "Playboy Intervi
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( 88 ) See, for e x amp Ie, Rob e r
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CHAPTER IX Controlling Aggression:
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king but was a completely novel phe
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ficiency of the common law as the s
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Page 351: is also far greater long run stabil
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Page 358 and 359: or collective communities. As Jerom
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Page 369 and 370: Phi losopher Robert Nozick, as we h
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Page 373 and 374: "Coercive acts are destructive of v
Page 375 and 376: incredible. Between 1919, when they
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Page 383: This doe s I' a i sea n i n t ere s
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Page 391 and 392: of the Ruhr in 1923. Later examples
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Page 397 and 398: (38)Hayek, p. 35. (39)See Robert No
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Page 404: desirable. Order is a necessary ele
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Page 410 and 411: G i v e n 0 u r b r i e f 0 v e r v
Page 412 and 413: F Fisher, J. Greevz, 194 Flynn, Joh
Page 414 and 415: Renshaw, Edward, 295 Ricardo, David
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