Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Quantity Illuminance Range Mean and Standard Deviation of Interpolated Illuminances Mean, Standard Deviation, Log10 Interpolated Illuminances TABLE 10. Light at Night along Melbourne Streets Bourke Street Russell Street Illuminance, lux Number Illuminance, lux Number North Side: 4.0 to 1408 South Side: 5.3 to 953 N & S Interpolated then Averaged: 6.4 to 793 North Side: 80.81 164.9 South Side: 86.25 144.2 (N + S)/2: 83.52 114.6 (N + S)/2: 1.6978 0.4102 35 35 601 601 601 601 601 East Side: 2.0 to 200 West Side: 0.7 to 92 or 316 E & W Interpolated then Averaged: 3.2 to 172 East Side (max): 36.08 38.41 West Side: 48.90 50.81 (E + W)/2: 42.49 34.88 (E + W)/2: 1.4686 0.4027 25 25 394 394 394 394 394 93
TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at Night along Melbourne Streets Quantity Bourke Street Range of Illuminance at Arrest Locations, and Number of Locations Mean and Standard Deviation of Illuminance at Arrest Locations Difference of Means: Crime Illuminance – Street Illuminance 17.2 to 147 lux 19 76.71 lux 51.97 lux Russell Street 48 to 153 lux 13 77.73 lux 37.21 lux -6.819 lux 35.24 lux F 4.866, p < 0.01; 69, 18 df 1.139, ns t 0.374, 70 df, ns* 3.149, p < 0.01, 61 df Mean and Standard Deviation of Log10 Illuminance at Arrest Locations Difference of Means: Arrest Log10 Illuminance – Street Log10 Illuminance 1.7926 0.2936 1.8505 0.1872 0.0948 0.3819 F 1.952, ns 4.627, p < 0.01; 49, 12 df t 1.039, ns 4.839, p < 0.001, 45 df* The F and t values are for comparisons of the variances and means of the distributions of pooled illuminances in Table 10 with the corresponding quantities in this table: ns is not significant, p is probability, and df is degrees of freedom. * Using the method appropriate for significantly different variances (Hays 1970, pp 317, 322) 5.6.3 Proliferation of floodlighting A further indication of the extent to which proliferation of outdoor lighting is out of control is the almost inevitable installation of low-mounted security floodlights around every new industrial building in the suburbs of Melbourne. Outdoor storage areas likewise tend to be brightly floodlit all night. Outdoor used car yards might more accurately be described as brilliantly floodlit, generally by means of metal halide lamps in simple sheet-metal reflectors 94
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
Page 53 and 54: Curve E is the simplest form of var
Page 55 and 56: night, plus the relative change ove
Page 57 and 58: • spatial extent also ranging fro
Page 59 and 60: Crime tends to increase as a reacti
Page 61 and 62: Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
Page 63 and 64: unreliable, and funding for further
Page 65 and 66: What would be helpful now would be
Page 67 and 68: 5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
Page 69 and 70: Isobe 2003) with the same observati
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
Page 73 and 74: TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
Page 75 and 76: necessary but not sufficient condit
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
Page 79 and 80: On the assumption that roads and pa
Page 81 and 82: eliably positive slope with data un
Page 83 and 84: 5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
Page 85 and 86: eflectance have changed the relativ
Page 87 and 88: Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
Page 89 and 90: 5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
Page 91 and 92: eventually in overall crime rates i
Page 93 and 94: objectionably large reduction, part
Page 95 and 96: no reason to suppose that ambient l
Page 97 and 98: oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100: Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102: that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103: Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
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BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
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http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
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Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
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Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164:
Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166:
IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168:
Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170:
Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172:
NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
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Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
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in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178:
UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
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FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
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FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
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PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
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UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
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FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
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FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
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FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
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Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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