Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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over limited areas of no more than a square metre, say, where good visibility of money, documents or work tasks is essential. Allow temporary levels to 1000 lux over limited areas of no more than a square metre, say, for urgent first aid or medical emergency treatment. vii. Insist on provision and use of internally reflective opaque drapes, shutters or blinds on all house, apartment, office and factory windows and skylights through which indoor light would otherwise escape at night. 139 viii. Insist that outdoor lighting goods and services, including all ‘security’ lights, are accompanied by prominent and clear written statements that outdoor lighting will lead to more crime even though it may reduce the fear of crime. ix. Insist on decommissioning of outdoor floodlighting where any part of the direct beam can travel at or above the horizontal for any purpose. x. Introduce stringent limits for luminous flux and illuminance or luminance on all outdoor illuminated signs, transilluminated signs and selfluminous signs, and apply early curfews, or completely disallow lighting of all such signs. xi. Monitor outdoor ambient light levels and insist on diminution of contributing commercial, retail or privately owned light sources until the ambient horizontal illuminance at ground level is less than 20 lux or some lower local maximum that has been set. xii. Discourage use of outdoor sports lighting after the end of civil twilight where daytime or indoor nighttime facilities are available as reasonable alternatives. Decommission all outdoor sports lighting installations that do not meet full-cutoff characteristics by the end of 2005, say. xiii. Prohibit the use of searchlights, skybeams, laser beams and laser light displays where any part of the direct beam travels at or above the horizontal, unless the use is genuinely for scientific, technical or navigational purposes. xiv. Cease or deprecate the use of coloured or bright lighting as an attempted means of discouraging illicit drug injections. b. Educate the public about the evidence relating to outdoor lighting, actual crime and fear of crime. Slogans should be considered as a means of helping the public to accept the facts about too much light at night. 111 111 Some old and new ones are: Shine doesn’t pay. Light attracts lawbreakers. Stars are the best security lights. Turn night into day, crime will pay. Outside light, false security at night.
c. Support competent investigations of outdoor lighting reductions and curfews as a low-risk means of studying or manipulating variables in crime-reduction research. d. Explicitly include mandatory technical constraints on intensity, luminous flux, luminance, glare and spill in laws and regulations implementing national, regional and local lighting strategies rather than relying on voluntary compliance with relevant but currently somewhat flawed existing national standards. Ensure a high level of compliance with such laws. Note: Some data that might have helped in this work was not accessed simply because it was too expensive. Governments wishing to benefit from research such as this need to ensure that detailed and reliable crime statistics, lighting and energy usage data, and power station pollutant emissions are fully and freely available online for national, regional and local areas. 140
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100: Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102: that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104: Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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