Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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ILE (2001b) Domestic security lighting, lighting friend or foe? Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. http://www.ile.co.uk/documents/Domestic_Security_Lighting.pdf Isobe, S. and Hamamura, S. (1998) Light energy loss and its application to estimate a global energy usage. Osowa, Mitaka, Tokyo: National Astronomical Observatory. http://neowg.mtk.nao.ac.jp/pdf/l00.pdf Isobe, S. (2000) Light energy loss. http://neowg.mtk.nao.ac.jp/night/gallery/index.html Isobe, S. and Hamamura, S. (2000) Light pollution and its energy loss. Annual Report of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (Volume 3) Fiscal 2000. Osowa, Mitaka, Tokyo: National Astronomical Observatory. http://neowg.mtk.nao.ac.jp/pdf/l00.pdf Jennings, J., Moezzi, M., Brown, R., Mills, E., Sardinsky, R., Heckendorn, B., Lerman, D. and Tribwell, L. (1996) Residential lighting: the data to date. LBNL-38454, LG-203. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Energy and Environment Division. Jewkes, P. (1998) Light pollution and the law: what can you do? Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 108 (5), 258-260. Jochelson, R. (1997) Crime and place: an analysis of assaults and robberies in central Sydney. New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Sydney, NSW: Attorney General’s Department. http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/files/r43.pdf/$file/r43.pdf (NB The Internet version does not include the maps, which need to be obtained separately in B&W hard copy form. The original document is required to see the colour for time and day differentiation.) Johnson, D. (2001) City lighting absurd! San Diego Astronomy Association, 37(08), 1-2 (August). http://www.sdaa.org/Docs/8-2001.pdf JRSA (2000) Crime Atlas 2000, p 36. Justice Research and Statistics Association. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. http://www.jrsainfo.org/programs/Crime_Atlas_2000.pdf Jukes, G. M. (1996) Light pollution report. Conference papers, Policy Unit of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health [UK]. http://www.cieh.org/about/policy/papers/light.htm King, J. D. (1995) Shining light on a security dilemma. American School and University, 67(10), 18 (June). (Not seen; cited in IDA IS54 (1997).) King, B. (2001) Better lighting in Calgary. Newsletter # 46, June. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ Kiwi World (1998) Auckland: a city in the dark. http://www.kiwiclub.org/kiwiklips/news/news5c.html or http://www.kiwiclub.org/news/specials/specbob.html 155
Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin, A. W. (2000) Development of a prototype snow albedo algorithm for the NASA MODIS instrument. Proceedings, 57th Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Syracuse, New York. http://easternsnow.org/proceedings/2000/klein.pdf Kolláth, Z. (2002) Towards limiting light pollution in Hungary. Pp 299-303 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Korlevic, K. (2002) Controlling light pollution in Croatia. Pp 283-290 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Kramer, E. (2001) Not in my dark yard. Lighting Design and Application, 31(4), 52-53 (April). Kuo, F E. and Sullivan, W. C. (2001) Environment and crime in the inner city. Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33(3), 343-367. http://www.herl.uiuc.edu/IMAGES/scientific_article_CC.pdf Lab, S. P. (1997) Crime prevention. Approaches, practice and evaluations. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co. (Extract from its Chapter 3 ‘The physical environment and crime’ seen at http://www.securitymanagement.com/library/000484.html .) Lahmeyer, J. (2002) Australia: historical demographical data for the whole country. http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Oceania/australc.htm Lahmeyer, J. (2003) Canada: historical demographical data of the whole country. http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Americas/canadac.htm Landscape online (2002) http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article.php?id=356 Langan, P. A. (1994) Between prison and probation: intermediate sanctions. Science, 264, 791-793. (1994-05-06) Langan, P. A. and Farrington, D. P. (1998) Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 169284, October. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cjusew96.pdf 156
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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