Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Ontario CCC (2003) Fighting crime. Crime prevention tips. Things you can do to make our neighbourhood safer. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Crime Control Commission. http://www.fightcrime.net/Crime%20FightingTips%20Neighbourhoods.htm Ousey, G. C. (2000) Explaining regional and urban variation in crime: a review of research. Criminal Justice 2000, Continuity and Change, Vol. 1. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/criminal_justice2000/vol_1/02f.pdf Painter, K. (1993) Review of ‘The influence of street lighting on crime and fear of crime. Home Office Crime Prevention Unit Paper no 28. By Stephen Atkins, Sohail Husain, and Angela Storey. (London: Home Office, 1991. v + 55pp. Free on request.)’ British Journal of Criminology, 33(1), 139-141. Painter, K. (1999) A guide for crime and disorder reduction through a public lighting strategy. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. Painter, K. and Farrington, D. P. (1997) The crime reducing effect of improved street lighting: the Dudley project. In Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful case studies, 2nd ed., pp 209-226. ISBN 0911577-38-4 (or -6) Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press or Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston or Guilderland, NY: Clarke, Harrow and Heston. Painter, K. A. and Farrington, D. P. (1999a) Street lighting and crime: diffusion of benefits in the Stoke-on-Trent project. In Painter, K. A. and Tilley, N. (eds) Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV, Street Lighting and Crime Prevention, pp 77-122. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press. Painter, K. A. and Farrington, D. P. (1999b) Improved street lighting: crime reducing effects and cost-benefit analyses. Security Journal, 12(4), 17-32. Painter, K. A. and Farrington, D. P. (2001a) Evaluating situational crime prevention using a young people’s survey. British Journal of Criminology, 41(2), 266-284. (Abstract at http://www.westyorksprobation.org.uk/pages/pdfs/bull0401.pdf .) Painter, K. A. and Farrington, D. P. (2001b) The financial benefits of improved street lighting, based on crime reduction. Lighting Research and Technology, 33(1), 3-12. Part 1: see Clark (2002b). Paulin, D. (2001) Full cutoff lighting: the benefits. Lighting Design and Application, 31(4), 54-56 (April). (The same text with different illustrations is at http://www.iesna.org/PDF/FullCutoffLighting.pdf .) 161
Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfew on aurora metropolis. New Scientist, 145, 44-45. (1995-03-18) Pease, K. (1998) Lighting and crime: Summary. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. http://www.ile.co.uk/documents/Lighting_and_Crime_summary.pdf Pease, K. (1999) Lighting and crime. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. Philips (2002) Improve your lighting. Examples. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. http://www.eur.lighting.philips.com/int_en/prof/aa/shop/improve/index.html Philips (no date). San Diego Gaslamp Quarter and QL induction lighting. Ontario: Philips Lighting. http://www.lighting.philips.com/nam/prodinfo/hid/pdfs/P-5421-A.pdf Pierce, S. M. and Moore, M. V. (1998) Light pollution affects the diel vertical migration of freshwater zooplankton. Abstract, 1998. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Baltimore, MD. Pike, R. (1976) A simple computer model for the growth of light pollution. The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 70(3), 116-122(?). (June, whole no. 540) Pincock, S. (2003) Rate of cataract surgery in 50+ age group assessed at about 6% in Australia. Reuters Medical Information, article 448968, reviewing work of Mitchell, P. et al. (2003) British Journal of Ophthalmology, 87, 168-172. http://www.medscape.com/ Plainis, S., Murray, I. J., Chauhan, K. and Charman, W. N. (2002) Reaction tmes as an index of visual conspicuity at night. Manchester, UK: UMIST Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences. http://www2.umist.ac.uk/optometry/dept/plainis/rtviv8.pdf Ploetz, K. M. (2002) Notes: Light pollution in the United States: An overview of the inadequacies of the common law and state and local regulation. New England Law Review, 36(4), 985-1039. (Obtained from http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/Vol36/36-4/Ploetz.pdf but apparently no longer available this way; currently at http://www.davidrisstrom.org/Associated%20Files/Ploetz1.pdf) Pollard, N. E. (1994) Sky-glow conscious lighting design. Lighting Research and Technology, 26(3), 151-156. Povey, D. and Cotton, J. (2000) Recorded crime statistics. England and Wales, October 1998 to September 1999. Issue 1/00, 2000-01-18. Home Office. London: Home Office http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/hosb100.pdf Povey, D. et al. (2001) Recorded crime. England and Wales, 12 months to September 2000. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 101, 2001-01-16. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds//pdfs/hosb101.pdf Poyner, B. and Webb, B. (1997) Reducing theft from shopping bags in city center markets. In Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful case studies, 2nd ed., pp 83- 162
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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