Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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89. ISBN 0911577-38-4 (or -6) Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press or Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston or Guilderland, NY: Clarke, Harrow and Heston. Rae, W. (2001) Public performance report 2000-2001. Scotland: Dumfries and Galloway Police. http://www.dumfriesandgalloway.police.uk/reports/ppr2001/PPR.pdf Ramsay, M. and Newton, R. (1991) The effect of better street lighting on crime and fear: a review. Crime Prevention Unit Paper 29. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ Rao, J. (2002) The night the lights went out in New York City. SPACE.com, Science/Astronomy: Spacewatch, 2002-07-12. http://www.space.com/spacewatch/milky_way_020712.html RASC (1999) Light Pollution Abatement Site. Energy loss in western Canada. Canada: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Calgary Centre. http://www.syz.com/rasc/lp/nwcan_night.php Roller, T. (2001) Crime and lighting. (Letter) Sky and Telescope, 101(6), 18. (June) Roman, A., Cinzano, P., Giacometti, G. M. and Giulini, P. (2000) Light pollution and possible effects on higher plants. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 59-69. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/giulini2.pdf). SA (1997) Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting. Australian Standard AS 4282- 1997. Sydney: Standards Australia. SA (1999) Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1158 (Set), consisting of: AS/NZS 1158.0:1997 Road lighting- Introduction. AS 1158.1-1986 The lighting of urban roads and other public thoroughfares- Performance and installation design requirements. AS/NZS 1158.1.1: 1997 Road lighting- Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting- Performance and installation design requirements. AS/NZS 1158.1.3: 1997 Road lighting- Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting- Guide to design, installation, operation and maintenance. AS 1158.2-1986 The lighting of urban roads and other public thoroughfares- Computer procedures for the calculation of light technical parameters for category A lighting. AS/NZS 1158.3.1: 1999 Pedestrian Lighting (Category P) AS 1158.4-1987 The lighting of urban roads and other public thoroughfares- Supplementary lighting at pedestrian crossings. Sydney: Standards Australia. (Note: A revised set was issued for public review in May 2003.) Schernhammer, E. S., Laden, F., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., Kawachi, I., and Colditz, G. A. (2001) Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating 163
in the Nurses’ Health Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(20), 1563-1568. (Abstract at http://jnci.oupjournals.org/ .) Schumacher, B. J. and Leitner, M. (1999) Spatial crime displacement resulting from largescale urban renewal programs in the city of Baltimore, MD: a GIS modeling approach. Presented at The IV International Conference on GeoComputation, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA, USA, 1999-07-25 to 28. http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/047/gc_047.htm Schweitzer, P. and Schumann, R. (1997) The extent of urbanization in the southwest as viewed from space. Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States. USA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/anthropogenic/city_lights/ Scottish Executive (2002) Statistical Bulletin CrJ/2002/1 Recorded Crime in Scotland, 2001. Appendix, Table 6. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00157-17.asp Shaflik, C. (1997) Environmental effects of roadway lighting. IDA Information Sheet 125, August. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ Sharpe, J. (2002) The history of crime in England, 1515-1914. ReFRESH (ISSN 0268-683X, Sponsored by the Economic History Society, no other details available). Heslington, York, UK: University of York, Department of Economics. http://www.ehs.org.uk/society/pdfs/Sharpe%2020b.pdf Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S. (1997) Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. A report to the United States Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. Maryland: University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/works/index.htm Skykeepers (2003) California outdoor lighting regulations. 2003-03-14. http://www.skykeepers.org/ordsregs/califord.html Smith, A. (1998) Our fear of the dark is costing us the stars. Celestial City. http://www.nextcity.com/contents/fall98/13stars.htm Smith, M. S. (1996) Crime prevention through environmental design in parking facilities. NIJ Research in Brief Series. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/cptedpkg.txt Sonntag-O’Brien, V. (2000) Strategic framework for quantifying, monitoring, evaluating, and reporting local greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Presentation to (UN) Workshop on Best Practices in Policies and Measures, Copenhagen, 2000-04-11 to 13. http://www.unfccc.int/sessions/workshop/000411/icleivs.pdf Sowell, D. (2001) Lighting: a deterrent to crime. American School and University, 2002-12- 01. http://www.asumag.com/ac/december_2001/index.htm 164
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
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A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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