Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Spelman, W. (year?) What recent studies do (and don’t) tell about imprisonment and crime. In Tuory, M. (ed), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 27, pp 419-414. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Not seen, cited by Weatherburn (2002).) Stanley, G. B. (1993) Conquering the pumpkin effect: a lighting alternative. School Business Affairs, 59(12), 35-37. (Abstract only seen at National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/lighting.cfm#top .) Statistics Canada (2001) The Daily. Thursday July 19, 2001. Crime Statistics. Canada: Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/010719/d010719b.htm Statistics NZ (2002) Overall offence rate. New Zealand: Statistics New Zealand. http://www.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/ Stutts, J. C., Wilkins, J. W. and Vaughn, B. V. (1999) Why do people have drowsy driving crashes? Input from drivers who just did. (November) Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/sleep.pdf Summers, T. A. and Hebert, P. R. (2001) Shedding some light on store atmospherics: influence of illumination on consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 54(2), 145- 150. (Abstract at http://www.elsevier.com/gej-ng/29/27/99/65/29/35/abstract.html .) Sutton, P. (2002) The lights come out at night. Remote satellite imagery helps scientists track human activities through time. Geoworld. USA: Adams Business Media. http://geoplace.com/gw/2002/0209/0209rms.asp S&T (2001) Calgary to overhaul lighting. Item in Sky and Telescope’s News Bulletin for 2001-08-10. http://www.skypub.com Task Force (2002) Task Force to study lighting efficiency and light pollution in the State of Maryland. (March) Baltimore, MD: Maryland General Assembly. http://www.dgs.state.md.us/lighting/pdfs/TaskForceReport.pdf The Sunday Age (2003) Special: why our stations are no place to stop. Platform blues. The Sunday Age, 2003-02-09. Melbourne: Fairfax. http://www.theage.com.au/ Tien, J. M., O’Donnell, V. F., Barnet, A., Mirchandani, A. and Pitu, B. (1977) Street lighting projects. National evaluation program, Phase 1 summary report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. (Extracts seen in IDA IS63 (1998) and Sherman et al. (1997).) UCR (1996) FBI press release for the 1995 FBI Uniform Crime Report. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr95prs.htm and p 205 of http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/Cius_97/95CRIME/95crime3.pdf UN (2000) Total recorded crime per 100,000 population. (Preliminary as of 2000-09-29.) United Nations surveys on crime trends and the operations of criminal justice systems. http://www.uncjin.org/Statistics/WCTS/trc000927.pdf 165
UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the electric power industry in the ESCAP region. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Environment and Natural Resources Development Division. http://www.unescap.org/enrd/energy/ep_regional_overview_9098.pdf USGBC (2002) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Rating System version 2.1, draft. (July) Washington, DC: U.S. Green Building Council. Newer, non-draft version available as http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEED_RS_v2-1.pdf USNO (2003) Astronomical Applications. Sun or moon rise/set table for one year. Washington, DC: US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneYear.html UWG (2002) Bibliography - Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Urban Wildlands Group http://www.urbanwildlands.org/nightlightbiblio.html van den Berg, M. M. H. E. (2000) Impact of g on man and nature. Publication No. 2000/25E, Health Council of the Netherlands. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands. ISBN 90-5549-371-6. http://www.gr.nl/pdf.php?ID=321 van der Heyden, J. (2002) Geohive. http://www.geohive.com/ Vicpol (2002a) Victoria Police 2001/2002 provisional crime statistics. Melbourne: Victoria Police, Statistical Services Division. http://www.police.vic.gov.au/showcontentpage.cfm?contentpageid=11774 Vicpol (2002b) Annual Report of the Victoria Police. Crime statistics by postcode. Melbourne: Victoria Police. http://www.police.vic.gov.au/showContentpage.cfm?contentpageID=10759 Vodanovich, J. (1998) How the west was won. Presentation at conference on Safer Communities: Strategic Directions in Urban Planning. Melbourne, 1998-11-10 and 11. http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/urban/vodanovich.pdf Walker, J. (2002) The facts and figures that describe Australia’s crime patterns and trends. Ch 1 in Chappell, D. and Wilson, P. (Eds) The Australian Criminal Justice System – the mid 1990s. Sydney: Butterworths, 1994. ISBN 0-409-30583-9. (Abbreviated version at http://members.ozemail.com.au/~born1820/auscjs.htm.) (Alternative location: http://www.uplink.com.au/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc87.html.) Walker, J., Wilson, P. R., Chappell, D. and Weatherburn, D. (1990) A comparison of crime in Australia and other countries. Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, No. 23. ISSN 0817-8542, ISBN 0 642 15435X. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology. http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti23.pdf WalkSanDiego (2002) San Diego to phase in brighter street lights. WalkSanDiego testifies on behalf of pedestrians. (2002-02-27) San Diego, CA: WalkSanDiego. http://www.walksandiego.org/pages/event_light.html 166
Page 1 and 2:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4:
The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
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A Technical Report on the topic (IL
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ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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