Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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FS fully shielded [type of luminare] GW.h gigawatt-hours [conventional unit of electrical energy] h hour HPS high-pressure sodium (lamp) HSHF Home Sweet Home Front [UK] ICOLE Indiana Council on Outdoor Lighting Education [USA] IDA International Dark-Sky Association ie id est [that is] IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ILDA International Laser Display Association ILE Institution of Lighting Engineers [UK] IMHO in my humble opinion in toto completely JFK John F. Kennedy [airport] JRSA Justice Research and Statistics Association [USA] klm kilolumen [1000 times the SI metric unit of luminous flux] km kilometre[1000 times the SI metric unit of distance] KS Kansas [USA] kW kilowatt [1000 times the SI metric unit of energy] LA Los Angeles [CA] lm lumen [the SI metric unit of luminous flux] log, log10 logarithm, logarithm to the base 10 log units powers of ten change in a physical or psychophysical quantity LPS low-pressure sodium (lamp) lux SI metric unit of illuminance [1 lux = 1 lumen per square metre] m metre, or milli [one thousandth; wrongly, million] m 2 square metre M mega, or million MA Massachusetts [USA] mcd/m 2 millicandela per square metre [submultiple, SI unit of luminance] MD Maryland [USA] MI Michigan [USA] MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MN Minnesota [USA] MO Missouri [USA] MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer [satellite instrument] MQ Morgan Quitno [company, USA} MW.h/km 2 megawatt-hours per square kilometre [energy per unit area] NAPBC National Action Plan on Breast Cancer [USA] NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration [USA] NBI New Buildings Institute [California, USA] NCJRS National Criminal Justice Reference Service [USA] NELPAG New England Light Pollution Advisory Group [USA] NHW Neighbourhood Watch NIJ National Institute of Justice [USA] nL nanoLambert [submultiple of customary unit of luminance] nm nanometre [one-billionth (10 -9 ) of a metre] vi
ns not significant NSW New South Wales [State, Australia] NV Nevada [USA] NY New York [State, USA] NYC New York City [USA] NZ New Zealand OCS Office of Crime Statistics [South Australia] OESR Office of Economic and Statistical Research [Qld, Australia] OLS Operational Linescan System [of the DMSP] ONS Office of National Statistics [UK] OR Oregon [USA] p probability PA Pennsylvania [USA] Qld Queensland [State, Australia] r ordinary least squares correlation coefficient r 2 square of the correlation coefficient RT effective reflectance of the terrain SA South Australia [State] or Standards Australia SCO semi-cutoff [type of luminare] SCP Situational Crime Prevention SI Système Internationale or International System [of units] t Student’s t statistic TPD Tucson Police Department [Arizona, USA] UCR Uniform Crime Report(s/ing) [USA] UF Upward Fraction [of light] UK United Kingdom ULR Upward Light Ratio [of a luminaire] UN United Nations UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific US, U.S., USA United States of America USGBC U.S. Green Building Council UT Universal Time [formerly astronomical standard time] UWLR Upward Waste Light Ratio [of a luminaire] VA Virginia [USA] Vic Victoria [State, Australia] Vicpol Victoria Police [Australia] viz videlicet [namely] VNIR visible and near infrared [DMSP OLS sensor response range] WA Washington [State, USA] WA Western Australia [State, Australia] WAPS Western Australia Police Service WI Wisconsin [USA] WW2 World War 2 yr Year µcd/m 2 microcandela per square metre [submultiple, SI unit of luminance] µm micrometre [one-millionth (10 -6 ) of a metre] vii
Page 1 and 2: OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4: The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 5: ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
Page 9 and 10: 4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
Page 11 and 12: 9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
Page 13 and 14: If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16: 2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
Page 17 and 18: e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20: A decade of satellite measurements
Page 21 and 22: 2000). Regardless, there are often
Page 23 and 24: Intent in two of the source documen
Page 25 and 26: Unlike the situation in England and
Page 27 and 28: proportional to the amount of outdo
Page 29 and 30: Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
Page 31 and 32: the crime is much less feared by mo
Page 33 and 34: “We are not aware of any school d
Page 35 and 36: The Auckland central business distr
Page 37 and 38: Italian regions and in Czechia will
Page 39 and 40: summer’s worst heat wave and in t
Page 41 and 42: For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
Page 43 and 44: which unreasonably disturbs the sle
Page 45 and 46: 4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
Page 47 and 48: much as 60 % of the emitted light a
Page 49 and 50: Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
Page 51 and 52: level will be linked to clock time
Page 53 and 54: Curve E is the simplest form of var
Page 55 and 56: night, plus the relative change ove
Page 57 and 58:
• spatial extent also ranging fro
Page 59 and 60:
Crime tends to increase as a reacti
Page 61 and 62:
Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
Page 63 and 64:
unreliable, and funding for further
Page 65 and 66:
What would be helpful now would be
Page 67 and 68:
5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
Page 69 and 70:
Isobe 2003) with the same observati
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
Page 73 and 74:
TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
Page 75 and 76:
necessary but not sufficient condit
Page 77 and 78:
TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
Page 79 and 80:
On the assumption that roads and pa
Page 81 and 82:
eliably positive slope with data un
Page 83 and 84:
5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
Page 85 and 86:
eflectance have changed the relativ
Page 87 and 88:
Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
Page 89 and 90:
5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
Page 91 and 92:
eventually in overall crime rates i
Page 93 and 94:
objectionably large reduction, part
Page 95 and 96:
no reason to suppose that ambient l
Page 97 and 98:
oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102:
that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104:
Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108:
6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110:
1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112:
yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114:
One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116:
Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118:
markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120:
at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122:
A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124:
ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126:
with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128:
If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130:
outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132:
If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134:
the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136:
installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138:
Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140:
8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142:
9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144:
There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146:
account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148:
aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150:
10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152:
c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154:
14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156:
BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158:
http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160:
Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162:
Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164:
Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166:
IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168:
Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170:
Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172:
NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174:
Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176:
in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178:
UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180:
FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182:
FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184:
PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186:
UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188:
FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190:
FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192:
FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194:
Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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