Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Casagrande, R. and Giulini, P. (2000) City lights and urban green. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 55-58. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/giulini1.pdf). Channel 4 (2000) Secrets of the Incas. Clues in the landscape. Notes on a TV documentary first transmitted on Channel 4 [UK] in February 2000. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/E/ends//inca4.html (The condor was one of the Incas’ ‘black cloud’ constellations in the Milky Way.) Chor-pang Lo (2002) Creating three-dimensional energy models of cities from radiancecalibrated DMSP-OLS nighttime images for urban analysis. Presentation abstract, annual meeting (Los Angeles) of The Asociation of American Geographers. http://convention.allacademic.com/aag2002/browse_abstract.html?conv_num=504 CIE (1992) Road lighting as an accident countermeasure. CIE 93-1992, ISBN 3 900 734 305. Vienna: International Commission on Illumination (CIE). (Not seen; abstract at http://members.eunet.at/cie/publ/abst/93-92.html .) CIE (2000) Guide to the lighting of urban areas. CIE 136-2000, ISBN 3 900 734 98 4. Vienna: International Commission on Illumination (CIE). (Not seen; abstract at http://cie.co.at/cie/publ/abst/136-00.html .) Cinzano, P. (1995) Report on light pollution meeting held in Asiago. Padova, Italy: University of Padova, Department of Astronomy. http://www.pd.astro.it/TNG/publications/news/12/12cinzan.html Cinzano, P. (1997) Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del cielo notturno. (Light pollution and protection of the night sky, 230 pp.) Venezia, Italy: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Cinzano, P. (2000a) Monitoring star visibility and artificial night sky brightness with DMSP satellites. Padova, Italy: Universita’ di Padova, Dipartimento di Astronomia. http://debora.pd.astro.it/cinzano/iauwg/ Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 1-279. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf Cinzano, P. (2000c) The propagation of light pollution in diffusely urbanised areas. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 93-152. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/cinzano1propagation.pdf). Cinzano, P. (2000d) The growth of light pollution in north-eastern Italy from 1960 to 1995. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 159-165. 145
http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/cinzano3growth.pdf). Cinzano, P. (2000e) Modelling light pollution from searchlights. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 239-250. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/cinzlight.pdf). Cinzano, P. (2002a) Inquinamento luminoso in Italia. (Light pollution in Italy.) http://debora.pd.astro.it/cinzano/en/page94en.html Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Cinzano, P. (2002c) Light pollution and the situation of the night sky in Europe, in Italy and in Veneto. Pp 91-100 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. and Elvidge, C. D. (2001a) The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 328, 689-707. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0108052 Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. and Elvidge, C. D. (2001b) Stato del cielo notturno e inquinamento luminoso in Italia (Status of the night sky and light pollution in Italy.) Report ISTIL 2001. ISBN 88-88517-00-6. Thiene, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Ciudad Juarez (2001) Desarrollo economico de Ciudad Juarez, A. C. Weather. Physiography profile. Mexico: Ciudad Juarez. http://www.desarrolloeconomico.org/eng/sir/weather.pdf Clark, B. A. J. (1995) Mismatches between driver visual capabilities and road vehicle standards. Road and Transport Research, 5(2), 92-117. Clark, B. A. J. (1999) Vascular visibility enhancement for a deuteranomalous surgeon. Unpublished draft, 1999-12-14. Clark, B. A. J. (2002a) Outdoor lighting principles for Australia in the 21st century. Melbourne: Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc. http://www.asv.org.au Note: a major revision is required to make the work consistent with the results in this document. 146
Page 1 and 2:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4:
The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 5 and 6:
ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
Page 9 and 10:
4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16:
2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
Page 17 and 18:
e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
Page 27 and 28:
proportional to the amount of outdo
Page 29 and 30:
Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
Page 33 and 34:
“We are not aware of any school d
Page 35 and 36:
The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
Page 41 and 42:
For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
Page 43 and 44:
which unreasonably disturbs the sle
Page 45 and 46:
4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
Page 49 and 50:
Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
Page 51 and 52:
level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
Page 57 and 58:
• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
Page 61 and 62:
Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
Page 65 and 66:
What would be helpful now would be
Page 67 and 68:
5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
Page 87 and 88:
Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
Page 89 and 90:
5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
Page 95 and 96:
no reason to suppose that ambient l
Page 97 and 98:
oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102:
that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104:
Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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