Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Hollan, J. (2003) Personal communication, 2003-04-30. Hollingsworth, J. (1995) Schools shut off lights to shut down crime. The Tampa Tribune, 1995-11-28. Tampa, Florida: The Tampa Tribune. http://www.tampatrib.com/, reprinted in IDA NL 23 (1995). Home Office (2002a) Calling time on crime. Stemming the tide, p 8. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/hmic/ctoc2.pdf Home Office (2002b) Excel spreadsheet, 100 years of crime data. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/100years.xls Horner, R. E. (2002) Lights, center, action. How improving a center’s lighting program can increase its profits. High-Benefit Lighting. Silver Spring, Maryland: The National Lighting Bureau. http://www.nlb.org/publications/art_lightscenteraction.html HSHF (2002) The Blackout. UK: Home Sweet Home Front. http://www.homesweethomefront.co.uk/web_pages/hshf_blackout_pg.htm Hunter, T. B. and Crawford, D. L. (1991) Economics of light pollution. IAU Colloquium No. 112, Light Pollution, Radio Interference, and Space Debris, held in Washington DC, 1989- 08-13 to16. Washington, DC: International Astronomical Union. Available in Conference Series, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 117, and through IDA (2002a). http://www.adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/ ICOLE (2002) Crime quick reference guide. Information on lighting and crime in the United States. Indiana: The Indiana Council on Outdoor Lighting Education (ICOLE). http://home.att.net/~icole/crime_ref_guide.html IDA (2002a) Website, International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA (2002b) Outdoor Lighting Code Handbook, Version 1.13 (December 2000 / January 2002) International Dark-Sky Association. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.nofs.navy.mil/about_NOFS/staff/cbl/LC_Handbook.html or through http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS12 (1996) Recommendations for effective outdoor lighting. Information Sheet 12, August. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS23 (1996) Campus lighting, and other such applications. Information Sheet 23, December. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS27 (1997) Control of outdoor lighting at Wesleyan University. Information Sheet 27, February. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS31 (1997) Does Stanford University need more outdoor lighting? Information Sheet 31, April. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ 153
IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Information Sheet 35, May. Tucson, AZ: International Dark- Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS54 (1997) Dark campus programs reduce vandalism and save money. Information Sheet 54, December. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ http://www.darksky.org/infoshts/is054.html IDA IS63 (1998) U.S. Department of Justice study of street lighting and crime. Information Sheet 63, January. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS91 (1994) Tucson and Pima County Arizona outdoor lighting control ordinances. Information Sheet 91, April. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS104 (1996) See Bérubé, H. (1996) IDA IS114 (1996) Illumination levels, then and now. Information Sheet 114, November. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS115 (1998) Lighting efficiency, then and now. Information Sheet 115, February. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS116 (1997) Sanibel Island, Florida - City without streetlights. Information Sheet 116, January. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS145 (1998) Service station / convenience store lighting. Information Sheet 145, December. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IDA IS152 (1999) RP-33-1999 Lighting for exterior environments. Information Sheet 152, June. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ IESNA (1999) Recommended practices for outdoor lighting, RP-33-1999, 1999. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. (Description only seen in IDA IS152 (1999) and http://www.iesna.org/ .) ILDA (2002) The laserist. The international report on laser displays in art, entertainment and education. Bradenton, FL: International Laser Display Association. http://www.laserist.org/Laserist/index.html ILE (1999) A practical guide to the development of a public lighting policy for local authorities. Technical Report 24. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. ILE (2000) Guidance notes for the reduction of light pollution. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. http://www.ile.co.uk/documents/Reduction_of_Light_Pollution.pdf ILE (2001a) Brightness of illuminated advertisements. Technical Report 5. Rugby, UK: Institution of Lighting Engineers. (Description only seen at http://www.ile.co.uk/documents/Brightness_Illuminated_Ads.pdf .) 154
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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