Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Appelbe, A. (2001) Blinded by the light. Online article, 2002-03-19. The Vancouver Courier. Vancouver, BC: Lower Mainland Publishing Group Inc. http://www.vancourier.com/03401/top1.htm Aslan, Z. and Isobe, S. (2003) Türkiye’den uzaya kacan sehir isiklari (Light ejected into space from Turkish cities.) Last modified 2003-03-23. http://www.tug.tubitak.gov.tr/isik/aslan_isobe.html BAA (1965) The Handbook of the British Astronomical Association 1965. London: British Astronomical Association. BAA (1977) The Handbook of the British Astronomical Association 1977. London: British Astronomical Association. Barclay, G. and Tavares, C. (2000) International comparisons of criminal justice statistics 2000. Home Office Statistical Bulletin, Issue 05/02. London: Home Office; Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hosb502.pdf Barker, M. and Bridgeman, C. (1994) Preventing vandalism. What works? Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper 56. London: Home Office, Police Research Group. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fcdps56.pdf Batt, S. (2000) What light through yonder window wreaks- Circadian rhythms and breast cancer. BCA Newsletter, #61, September-October. USA: Breast Cancer Action. http://www.bcaction.org Baumer, E. and Wright, R. (1996) Crime seasonality and serious scholarship: a comment on Farrell and Pease. British Journal of Criminology, 36(4), 579-581. Bellair, P. E. (2000) Informal surveillance and street crime: a complex relationship. Criminology, 38(1), 137-169. Berry, R. (1976) Light pollution in southern Ontario. The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 70(3), 97-115. (June, whole no. 540) Bérubé, H. (1996) Rethinking the conventional wisdom of security lighting. Information Sheet 104, May. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ BHP (2000) Blackout History Project. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, Center for History and New Media. http://blackouts.gmu.edu/ BIS (2002) Research supports UK government’s approach to tackling crime. Britain at your fingertips, 2002-08-14. New York, NY: British Information Service, a Section of the British Embassy, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.britainusa.com/law/xq/asp/SarticleType.1/Article_ID.2532/qx/articles_show.htm BJS (1999) Characteristics of crime. Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict_c.htm#findings 143
BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice facts at a glance: Four measures of violent crime. Property crime rates. Incarceration rate. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/charts.pdf , incarceration rate data at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/incrttab.htm BJS (2002b) Table 11. Per capita total justice expenditure by activity for all governments, fiscal years 1980-99. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/charts.pdf Blakemore, B. (2001) In praise of darkness. ABC News Health Feature, 2001-05-17. http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/living/dailynews/darkness_wnt010517.html BOCSAR (2002) BOCSAR: NSW recorded crime statistics, 1997-2001. Inner Sydney and Newcastle Statistical Divisions. Sydney: Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/pages/lga_region Bonata, D. (2002) The experience of Lombardy in the fight to light pollution with the law n. 17/2000: a law to be imitated. Pp 219-232 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Bowyer, B. (1998) Outdoor lighting. Lexington, MA: Town of Lexington, Planning Department. http://www.umass.edu/masscptc/BylawWordFiles/Outlight_L.doc Boyce, P. R., Eklund, N. H., Hamilton, B. J. and Bruno, L. D. (2000) Perceptions of safety at night in different lighting conditions. Lighting Research and Technology, 32(2), 79-91. Brinkoff, T. (2002) City population. http://www.citypopulation.de/ Butterfield, F. (2002) U.S. crime rate rose 2% in 2001 after 10 years of decreases. The New York Times, 2002-10-29. New York: The New York Times Company. Bytwerk, R. L. (1998) The Oath under the Cathedral of Light at the 1936 Nuremberg Party Rally. http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pt36dom.htm California Energy Extension Service (no date) Night time black outs and vandalism. Reprinted at http://www.peninsula.wednet.edu/conservation/Energy/dark%20campus.HTM Camden Community Safety Partnership (2001) Crime and disorder audit 2001. London: Borough of Camden. http://www.camden.gov.uk/living/df/crime%20_disorder_audit.pdf Carr, K. and Spring, G. (1993) Public transport safety: a community right and a communal responsibility. In Clarke, R. V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 1, pp 147-155. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. 144
Page 1 and 2:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4:
The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 5 and 6:
ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
Page 7 and 8:
ns not significant NSW New South Wa
Page 9 and 10:
4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
Page 11 and 12:
9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
Page 13 and 14:
If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16:
2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
Page 17 and 18:
e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
Page 21 and 22:
2000). Regardless, there are often
Page 23 and 24:
Intent in two of the source documen
Page 25 and 26:
Unlike the situation in England and
Page 27 and 28:
proportional to the amount of outdo
Page 29 and 30:
Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
Page 31 and 32:
the crime is much less feared by mo
Page 33 and 34:
“We are not aware of any school d
Page 35 and 36:
The Auckland central business distr
Page 37 and 38:
Italian regions and in Czechia will
Page 39 and 40:
summer’s worst heat wave and in t
Page 41 and 42:
For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
Page 43 and 44:
which unreasonably disturbs the sle
Page 45 and 46:
4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
Page 47 and 48:
much as 60 % of the emitted light a
Page 49 and 50:
Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
Page 51 and 52:
level will be linked to clock time
Page 53 and 54:
Curve E is the simplest form of var
Page 55 and 56:
night, plus the relative change ove
Page 57 and 58:
• spatial extent also ranging fro
Page 59 and 60:
Crime tends to increase as a reacti
Page 61 and 62:
Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
Page 63 and 64:
unreliable, and funding for further
Page 65 and 66:
What would be helpful now would be
Page 67 and 68:
5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
Page 69 and 70:
Isobe 2003) with the same observati
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
Page 73 and 74:
TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
Page 75 and 76:
necessary but not sufficient condit
Page 77 and 78:
TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
Page 79 and 80:
On the assumption that roads and pa
Page 81 and 82:
eliably positive slope with data un
Page 83 and 84:
5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
Page 85 and 86:
eflectance have changed the relativ
Page 87 and 88:
Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
Page 89 and 90:
5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
Page 91 and 92:
eventually in overall crime rates i
Page 93 and 94:
objectionably large reduction, part
Page 95 and 96:
no reason to suppose that ambient l
Page 97 and 98:
oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102:
that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104: Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
show all

Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?