Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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PREFACE TO PART 2 The original version of this document and its companion Part 1 was a public submission in May 2000 to a parliamentary committee on drugs and crime in the state of Victoria, Australia. It drew attention to uncertainty about effects of outdoor lighting on crime. It was then recast as general guidance on outdoor lighting and crime within Australia, and posted on the website of the Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc. This led to postings on several overseas websites. The need to expand the work, eventually into two parts, only became apparent during an investigation that started out as an intended brief revision in January 2002. From the outset, the revised work was intended for posting on the Internet. Part 1 deals with existing experimental and analytical work on outdoor lighting for crime prevention. This second part presents evidence that growth in crime is linked to growth in outdoor ambient artificial light. Some references to Australian Standards and local lighting issues have been retained in this globally applicable work as illustrating general problems. The Australian spelling conventions used generally follow UK practice, but quotations retain the original forms. Dates are given in a format specified by the International Standards Organisation (ISO 8601: 2000(E)). Revised versions or new editions of this document may be issued without notice as new information becomes available. Readers are advised to check the facts for themselves and to seek independent expert advice before initiating any actions that could adversely affect visibility, safety, commerce or insurance cover, or might increase vulnerability to crime. iv
ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLOSSARY USAGE TERM IN FULL [PLACE OR EXPLANATION] AAA American Automobile Association ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACT Australian Capital Territory ad hoc arranged for this purpose, specific Amherst PD Amherst Police Department [NY, USA] AS Australian Standard AS/NZS Australian and New Zealand Standard AUD Australian dollars AVIRIS Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer [remote sensing] AZ Arizona [USA] BAA British Astronomical Association BHP Blackout History Project [USA] BIS British Information Service BJS Bureau of Justice Statistics [USA] BOCSAR Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research [NSW, Australia] CA California [USA] CBD central business district ccd charge-coupled device [image sensor in video and digital cameras] CCP Cities for Climate Protection [international organisation] CCTV closed circuit television cd candela, the SI metric unit of luminous intensity CfDS Campaign for Dark Skies [British Astronomical Association, UK] CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, or International Commission on Illumination CO Colorado [USA] CPR cross-product ratio CPRE Campaign to Protect Rural England CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design CRCIT Crime Reduction College Information Team [UK] CT Connecticut [USA] DC District of Columbia [USA] DCPC Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee [Victoria, Australia] df degrees of freedom [in statistics] DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program [USA] DOE Department of Energy [USA] EDT Eastern Daylight Time [USA] EST Eastern Standard Time [USA] eg exempli gratia [for example] et al. et alii [and others] F Snedecor’s variance ratio FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation [USA] FCO full-cutoff [type of luminare] FL Florida [USA] v
Page 1 and 2: OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3: The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 7 and 8: ns not significant NSW New South Wa
Page 9 and 10: 4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
Page 11 and 12: 9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
Page 13 and 14: If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16: 2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
Page 17 and 18: e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20: A decade of satellite measurements
Page 21 and 22: 2000). Regardless, there are often
Page 23 and 24: Intent in two of the source documen
Page 25 and 26: Unlike the situation in England and
Page 27 and 28: proportional to the amount of outdo
Page 29 and 30: Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
Page 31 and 32: the crime is much less feared by mo
Page 33 and 34: “We are not aware of any school d
Page 35 and 36: The Auckland central business distr
Page 37 and 38: Italian regions and in Czechia will
Page 39 and 40: summer’s worst heat wave and in t
Page 41 and 42: For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
Page 43 and 44: which unreasonably disturbs the sle
Page 45 and 46: 4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
Page 47 and 48: much as 60 % of the emitted light a
Page 49 and 50: Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
Page 51 and 52: level will be linked to clock time
Page 53 and 54: Curve E is the simplest form of var
Page 55 and 56:
night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104:
Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
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A Technical Report on the topic (IL
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ambient light. Commercial competiti
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with lighting for an aging populati
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If excessive lighting and lighting
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outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
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If funds are available for crime pr
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the first place now have to accept
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installation and usage of artificia
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Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
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8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
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9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
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There appears to be no compelling e
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account for the strong positive cor
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aimed lighting used for advertising
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10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
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c. Support competent investigations
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14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
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BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158:
http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
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Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162:
Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164:
Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166:
IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168:
Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170:
Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172:
NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174:
Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176:
in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178:
UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180:
FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182:
FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184:
PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186:
UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188:
FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190:
FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192:
FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194:
Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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