Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Geason, S. and Wilson, P. R. (1990) Preventing car theft and crime in car parks. Crime Prevention Series, pp 9-44. ISBN 0 642 14939 9, ISSN 1031-5330 Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology. www.aic.gov.au/publications/crimprev/car/ Glaeser, E. L. and Sacerdote, B. (1999) Why is there more crime in cities? Journal of Political Economy, 107 (S6), S225-29. (Abstract only seen at http://www.nber.org/papers/w5430 ) Goodman, D. E. (2002) Midsize cities and their correlates with crime: an empirical investigation. (Cited with the author’s permission.) Department of Economics Working Paper 97-1. Tacoma, WA: University of Puget Sound, Department of Economics. http://www.ups.edu/econ/working_papers/97-1.pdf Grabosky, P. and James, M. (eds) (1995) The promise of crime prevention; leading crime prevention programs. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology. http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/rpp/01/RPP01.pdf Graycar, A. (2001) Crime and justice. Centenary Article - crime in twentieth century Australia. Year Book, Australia, 2001. Canberra, ACT: Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/ Green, D. W. E. (1997) Outdoor lighting issues in Lexington, Massachusetts. NELPAG Circular No. 19, 1997-10-09. Cambridge, MA: New England Light Pollution Advisory Group. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/CIRC015.html Greenberg, D. F., Kessler, R. C. and Loftin, C. (1983) The effect of police employment on crime. Criminology, 21, 375-394. (Not seen; cited by Marvell and Moody (1996).) Gutman, P. (1998) Auckland’s power outage or Auckland - your Y2K beta test site. 1998-05- 24. http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/misc/mercury.txt , or via http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/ Haas, C. (2002) Re: NYCity crime-free during blackout. Message on Dark-sky list forum, 2002-11-09. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ Hänel, A. (2000) The situation of light pollution in Germany. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 153-158. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/haenel.pdf). Hansen, J. (2001a) Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology, 12(5), 588-589. (Only PubMed abstract seen.) Hansen, J. (2001b) Light at night, shiftwork, and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(20), 1513-1515. http://jnci.oupjournals.org/ 151
Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkness. The unnatural ecology of artificial light at night. Science News Online, Vol. 161, No. 16, 2002-04-20. http://www.sciencenews.org/20020420/toc.asp Harrington, P. S. (1995) Design of an energy efficient outdoor nighttime urban lighting system. Masters thesis, New York Institute of Technology. Old Westbury, New York: New York Institute of Technology. http://members.aol.com/bikebookny/thesis.pdf Hartmann, E., Schinke, M., Wehmeyer, K. and Weske, H. (1984) Messung und Beurteilung der Lichtimmissionen kuenstlicher Lichtquellen – Zurzbericht (Measurement and judgement of the light emissions of artificial light sources – Short report). Institute for Medical Optics of the University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany. Bavaria: State Ministry of Development and Environment. (Not seen, cited by Fisher (1993) and SA (1997).) Hays, W. L. (1970) Statistics. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Hayward, S. and Izumi, L. T. (1996) Crime and punishment in California: are we too tough or not tough enough? http://www.pacificresearch.org/pub/sab/social/crime/crime.html Hicks, J. and Allen, G. (1999) A century of change: trends in UK statistics since 1900. House of Commons Research Paper 99/111. London: House of Commons Library. http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-111.pdf Hirsh, R. F. (1999) The electric utility industry in 1965: at the pinnacle of success before the blackout. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Tech. http://blackouts.gmu.edu/archive/essays/hirsh_1999.html Hodgson, S. (2001) Presentation to Local Government Drug Conference, 2001-12-04 and 05, Brisbane, Australia. http://amper.ped.muni.cz/light/crime/repl_links/www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/council_at_work/he alth_safety/illicit_drugs/drug_conference/downloads/sean_hodgson.pdf Hoge, W. (2002) Soaring crime sparks UK justice overhaul. The Age, 2002-07-19, p 10. Melbourne: Fairfax. (Attributed to the New York Times.) Hollan, J. (2002a) Drugs and crime replacing stars. Personal communication, 2002-07-09. http://amper.ped.muni.cz/jenik/letters/public/msg00074.html Hollan, J. (2002b) Draft Statutory Order according to the Czech Clean Air Act. Personal communication, 2002-10-02. http://svetlo.astro.cz/darksky/ Hollan, J. (2002c) Light pollution as a recognised degradation of environment: the experience in Czechia. Pp 275-282 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ 152
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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