Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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WAPS (2002) Annual Reported Crime Statistics 2000-2001. Perth: Western Australia Police Service. http://www.police.wa.gov.au/AboutUs/pdf/ReportedCrime00-01.pdf Weatherburn, D. (2002) Does Australia have a law and order problem? Public lecture, 2002-05-21, School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales. http://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/ssp/donweatherburnlecture.pdf Welsh, B. C. and Farrington, D. P. (2002) Crime prevention effects of closed circuit television: a systematic review. Home Office Research Study 252. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hors252.pdf Wiley, T. S. and Formby, B. (2000) Lights out: sleep, sugar and survival. New York, NY: Pocket Books (Simon and Schuster). Williamson, A. M. and Feyer, Anne-Marie (2000). Cognitive, motor impairment similar for sleep deprivation and alcohol intoxication. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 649-655 (October). Wilson, A. (1998) Light pollution: efforts to bring back the night sky. Environmental Building News, 7(8) (September). http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/night/nightlight.html Witte, A. D. and Witt, R. (2000) Crime causation: economic theories. (Preprint, 2000-07-19, Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice.) http://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk/WorkingPapers/econ300.pdf Wuensch, K. L. (2001) When does correlation imply causation? Discussion from the EDSTAT list. http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/StatHelp/Correlation-causation.htm Wunderground (2002) (Historical data facility in city weather forecast service) Ann Arbor, MI: The Weather Underground, Inc. http://www.wunderground.com/ Wylie, S. (1999) Graffiti vandalism: The current situation in Christchurch and potential countermeasures. July 1999. Christchurch, New Zealand: Christchurch City Council http://www.ccc.govt.nz/reports/1999/graffitti/graffitivandalism.pdf 167
FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN AUSTRALIA SKYGLOW, CRIME RATE, POPULATION 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Population 0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 YEAR Motor Vehicle Theft Burglary Skyglow Robbery Figure 1. Exponential growth of skyglow near Melbourne derived from observations, and yearly crime data and population for Australia. Skyglow luminance ordinates in mcd/m 2 are given by 0.27 + 0.00189 * 2^((year-1880)/10). To get the actual crime rates per 100 000, multiply the curve ordinates by 100 in the case of Motor Vehicle Theft, by 20 for Robbery and by 1000 for Burglary. Actual population is the curve ordinate value multiplied by 10 million. Crime rate data are from Walker (2002), Graycar (2001) and ABS (2003). Population data are from Lahmeyer (2002), and skyglow data from the writer (see Dudley 2000). The vertical gridlines represent the start of the year indicated. 168
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
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A Technical Report on the topic (IL
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ambient light. Commercial competiti
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with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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