Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Appelbe, A. (2001) Blinded by the light. Online article, 2002-03-19. The Vancouver Courier. Vancouver, BC: Lower Mainland Publishing Group Inc. http://www.vancourier.com/03401/top1.htm Aslan, Z. and Isobe, S. (2003) Türkiye’den uzaya kacan sehir isiklari (Light ejected into space from Turkish cities.) Last modified 2003-03-23. http://www.tug.tubitak.gov.tr/isik/aslan_isobe.html BAA (1965) The Handbook of the British Astronomical Association 1965. London: British Astronomical Association. BAA (1977) The Handbook of the British Astronomical Association 1977. London: British Astronomical Association. Barclay, G. and Tavares, C. (2000) International comparisons of criminal justice statistics 2000. Home Office Statistical Bulletin, Issue 05/02. London: Home Office; Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hosb502.pdf Barker, M. and Bridgeman, C. (1994) Preventing vandalism. What works? Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper 56. London: Home Office, Police Research Group. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fcdps56.pdf Batt, S. (2000) What light through yonder window wreaks- Circadian rhythms and breast cancer. BCA Newsletter, #61, September-October. USA: Breast Cancer Action. http://www.bcaction.org Baumer, E. and Wright, R. (1996) Crime seasonality and serious scholarship: a comment on Farrell and Pease. British Journal of Criminology, 36(4), 579-581. Bellair, P. E. (2000) Informal surveillance and street crime: a complex relationship. Criminology, 38(1), 137-169. Berry, R. (1976) Light pollution in southern Ontario. The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 70(3), 97-115. (June, whole no. 540) Bérubé, H. (1996) Rethinking the conventional wisdom of security lighting. Information Sheet 104, May. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ BHP (2000) Blackout History Project. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, Center for History and New Media. http://blackouts.gmu.edu/ BIS (2002) Research supports UK government’s approach to tackling crime. Britain at your fingertips, 2002-08-14. New York, NY: British Information Service, a Section of the British Embassy, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.britainusa.com/law/xq/asp/SarticleType.1/Article_ID.2532/qx/articles_show.htm BJS (1999) Characteristics of crime. Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict_c.htm#findings 143
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104: Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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