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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
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A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
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at night, not only dim light but lo
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A Technical Report on the topic (IL
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ambient light. Commercial competiti
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with lighting for an aging populati
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If excessive lighting and lighting
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outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
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If funds are available for crime pr
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the first place now have to accept
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- Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
- Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
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- Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
- Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
- Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
- Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
- Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
- Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
- Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
- Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
- Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
- Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
- Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
- Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
- Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
- Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
- Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
- Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
- Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
- Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
- Page 185: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
- Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
- Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
- Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15