Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc. provided the circumstances in which the writer conceived and conducted this study. Many individuals from the ASV and from astronomical and environmental groups in Australia and elsewhere provided information and encouragement, especially Dr Fabio Falchi of Italy and Dr Jenik Hollan of Czechia. A few others appeared to see the emerging results as something akin to heresy, but their comments often proved useful in indicating where the line of reasoning had to be honed. Mention of individuals or organisations anywhere in this document does not imply their agreement with or responsibility for the content. The writer is pleased to acknowledge the sustained patience and support of his dear wife as an essential factor in the completion of this work. 12. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc. funded the acquisition of SA (1997), SA (1999), ILE (1999), Painter (1999), Pease (1999) and the Hagner EC1 luxmeter for use in this and other lighting improvement projects. Otherwise, the writer self-funded the project. From the outset, the intention has been for this document to be freely available on the Internet. The writer has been a member of the Astronomical Society of Victoria since 1955 and a member of the British Astronomical Association since 1957, is a consultant in optics, visual optics and lighting, and is an inactive minor shareholder in an industrial photometry company. The sole reason for the existence of this document is the writer’s concern about the undesirable scientific, social and environmental effects of excessive and wasteful outdoor artificial lighting. The writer has not consciously withheld mention of any relevant contrary facts or studies. 13. CONTACT Constructive criticism and suggested corrections or additions relating to Parts 1 and 2 of this work can be sent to bajc@alphalink.com.au Please include the filename or title of this document and the version date in comments. It is not possible to guarantee a response. Anonymous material will be ignored. 141
14. REFERENCES Notes following references state explicitly if the writer has seen only part or none of the cited work. The Internet links may need to be truncated at a slash or dot to get to an accessible page first. Character spaces need to be filled by underline characters if the links are keyed in separately. If the links have become obsolete, try searching for the same, similar or new material. ABS (2003) 4510.0 Recorded crime, Australia. Canberra, ACT: Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@nsf/ ABS (2002) Year Book Australia 2002. Population distribution. Canberra, ACT: Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/ ACT (2002a) State of the Territory report 1999 - our community - crime rate. Canberra, ACT: Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory. http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/stateofterritory/community2.htm ACT (2002b) 2001 week 4 Hansard (29 March) page 1248. Canberra, ACT: Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory. http://www.hansard.act.gov.au/hansard/2001/week04/1248.htm Albers, S. and Durisco, D. (2002) Modeling light pollution from population data and implications for National Park Service lands. The George Wright Forum, 18(4), 56-68. http://www.georgewright.org/184albers.pdf Altenburg, L., Maberry, M. and Sutrov, S. (2002) Draft outdoor lighting standards. Version 1.04. Maui, Hawaii: Ad Hoc Maui Committee for Outdoor Lighting Standards. http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/PROJECTS/STARRY_NIGHTS/Draft_MauiLightOrd.html Amherst (2002) General Legislation Part II, Amherst Town Code, Chapter 132, Lighting (effective 1959-09-03). Amherst, NY: Amherst Town Government. http://www.amherst.ny.us/Govt/govt.htm Amherst PD (2002) Amherst, New York retains title as America’s safest city. Amherst, NY: Amherst Police Department. http://www.amherst.ny.us/police/safestcity.htm Anon. (2002a) Los Angeles: a chronology. http://www.socalhistory.org/LA%20Chronology0001.html Anon. (2002b) The use of artificial light. http://www.din.umontreal.ca/courchesne/fragile4.html 142
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 5 and 6:
ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
Page 25 and 26:
Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102: that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104: Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106: TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151: c. Support competent investigations
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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