Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Moore, M. V., Pierce, S. M., Walsh, H. M., Kvalvik, S. K. and Lim, J. D. (2000) Urban light pollution alters the diel vertical migration of Daphnia. Proceedings of the International Society of Theoretical and Applied Limnology. In press. (Commentaries only seen.) http://www.urbanwildlands.org/nightlightbiblio.html Moore, M. V. and Kohler, S. J. (2002) Measuring light pollution in urban lakes and its effects on lake invertebrates. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Wellesley College, Department of Biological Sciences and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center. Abstract seen at http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/jlw/light.htm and http://www.darksky.org/links/abstracts.html Morgan Quitno (1996) Amherst, N.Y. is the safest city, Newark the most dangerous. 1996- 11-26. Lawrence, KS: Morgan Quitno Press. http://www.morganquitno.com/city96press.htm Morgan Quitno (2000) Morgan Quitno Awards. 6 th annual America’s safest (and most dangerous) cities. Lawrence, KS: Morgan Quitno Press. (Based on FBI data for 1998) http://www.morganquitno.com/methodology.htm and http://www.morganquitno.com/cit00safe.htm Morgan Quitno (2002) Amherst, New York retains title as America’s safest city. 2002-11-26. Lawrence, KS: Morgan Quitno Press. http://www.morganquitno.com/safecity.htm Murray, A. T., McGuffog, I., Western, J. S. and Mullins, P. (2001) Exploratory spatial data analysis techniques for examining urban crime. British Journal of Criminology, 41, 309-329. Nakayama, M. and Elvidge, C. D. (1999) Applying newly developed calibrated radiance DMSP/OLS data for estimation of population. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1999/ts7/ts7091pf.htm NASA(2000) Lighting up the ecosphere. Science@NASA, Earth Observatory. 2000-11-15. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast15nov_1.htm NASA (2002) Urban sprawl: the big picture. Science @ NASA, 2002-10-11. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/11oct_sprawl.htm?list849416 NASA (2003) Space Station photography. Science @ NASA, 2003-03-24. Includes photograph of London by Pettit, D. in February 2003. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.nasa.gov/ NAPBC (1997) Workshop on electromagnetic fields, light-at-night, and human breast cancer. 1997-11-18 and 19. Etiology Working Group, National Action Plan on Breast Cancer, USA. http://www.napbc.org/napbc/eti_workshop/contents.html Navigant Consulting (2002) U.S. lighting market characterization Volume 1: National lighting inventory and energy consumption estimate. Washington, DC: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/documents/pdfs/lmc_vol1_final.pdf 159
NBI (2002) Integrated Energy Systems- Productivity and Building Science Program. A program of the California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program. California: New Buildings Institute, Inc. http://www.newbuildings.org/pier/ NCJRS (1999) 1999 report series, Juvenile Justice Bulletin: violence after school. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Washington, DC: Department of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/9911_1/vio1.html NELPAG C12 (1995) NELPAG Circular, No. 12, 1995-04-27. Cambridge, MA: New England Light Pollution Advisory Group. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/CIRC015.html NELPAG C14 (1997) NELPAG Circular, No. 14, 1997-04-05. Cambridge, MA: New England Light Pollution Advisory Group. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/CIRC015.html Newsweek (1977) Heart of darkness. The plunderers. Why it happened. The impact. A walk on the wild side. The shock of recognition. 1977-07-25. http://blackout.gmu.edu/archive/pdf/newsweek_77.pdf NOAA (2002) TD summary of the day. Online data, NOAA National Data Centers. USA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center. http://ols.ncdc.noaa.gov/onlinestore.html Nusbaum, J. (2001) Lighting and crime - a sociological connection? [DSLF] Digest Number 519, Message 9. Dark Sky List Forum, 2001-12-13. http://amper.ped.muni.cz/jenik/letters/dsa/msg00001.html OCS (2002) Offences reported per Statistical Division. Adelaide: South Australian Government, Office of Crime Statistics. http://www.ocs.sa.gov.au/OCS_Requested.html OESR (2002) Small area crime profiles, 2000-2001. Brisbane and Gold Coast Local Government Area. Brisbane: Queensland Government, Office of Economic and Statistical Research. http://www.oesr.qld.gov.au/views/regional/crime_pro/crime_pro_fs.htm Offutt, W. (1997) Some thoughts on light pollution from New Mexico. NELPAG Circular, No.15, 1997-10-09. Cambridge, MA: New England Light Pollution Advisory Group. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/CIRC015.html Ogden, L. J. E. (1996) Collision course: The hazards of lighted structures and windows to migrating birds. Special report for World Wildlife Fund Canada and Fatal Light Awareness Program, September. Toronto: World Wildlife Fund Canada. (See http://www.flap.org/, or with related material, at http://towerkill.com/issues/links.html.) ONS (2000) Crime and justice. Notifiable offences recorded by the police. Ch 9 in Social Trends Pocketbook 2000. London: Office of National Statistics. ISBN 1-85774-359-8. (the full book Social Trends 30 is available online instead of the Pocketbook: http:http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_social/st30v8.pdf) 160
Page 1 and 2:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4:
The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16:
2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
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1999). Year-round summer-length dur
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yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
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One further problem needs to be rai
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Even with adequate notice it might
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markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159 and 160: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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