Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Easteal, P. W. and Wilson, P. R. (2000) Preventing crime on transport. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/crimprev/transport/rail.html Eaves, B. (2001) Lighting and crime - a personal observation. [DSLF] Digest Number 519, Message 4. Dark Sky List Forum, 2001-12-13. http://amper.ped.muni.cz/jenik/letters/dsa/msg00001.html Eck, J. E. (1997) Preventing crime at places. Chapter 7 in Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S. (1997) Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. A report to the United States Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. Maryland: University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. http://www.ncjrs.org/works/index.htm Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K. E., Kihn, E. A., Kroehl, H. W. and Davis, E. R. (1997) Mapping city lights with nighttime data from the DMSP Operational Linescan System. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63,727-734 (June). http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/nl_usa_doc.html Elvidge, C. D. and Jansen, W. T. (1999) AVIRIS observation of nocturnal lighting. http://www.makalu.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/workshops/99_docs/16.pdf Falchi, F. (2002) New light pollution laws in Italy. Newsletter # 51, September. Tucson, AZ: International Dark-Sky Association. http://www.darksky.org/ Falchi, F. and Cinzano, P. (2000) Maps of artificial sky brightness and upward emission in Italy from satellite measurements. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 139-152. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/falchi.pdf). Farrell, G. and Pease, K. (1994) Crime seasonality: domestic disputes and residential burglary in Merseyside 1988-90. British Journal of Criminology, 34(4), 487-497. Farrington, D. P. and Welsh, B. C. (2002a) Improved street lighting and crime prevention. Justice Quarterly, 19(2), 313-331. Farrington, D. P. and Welsh, B. C. (2002b) Effects of improved street lighting on crime: a systematic review. Home Office Research Study 251. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hors251.pdf FBI (1997) Crime in the United States 1997. Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/Cius_97/97crime/97cius01.pdf FBI (1998) Crime in the United States 1998. Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/Cius_98/98crime/98cius01.pdf 149
Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security surveys. In Fennelly, L. J. (ed.), Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention, 3rd ed. London: Butterworth. Extract quoted by Pease (1999). Field, S. (1999) Trends in crime revisited. Home Office Research Study 195. London: Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ FightCrimeFortWayne (1999) United Cities [sic] (larger than 100,000 population) ranked by 1998 crime rate. New page September 15, 1999. Fort Wayne, Indiana: First Wayne Street United Methodist Church, Church & Society Committee. URL defunct in 2003: http://www.fightcrimefortwayne.com/cty_rk_cri.html Fisher, A. (1993) Obtrusive light and sky glow: Is it all gloom? Lighting, 13(2), 43-48. Fisher, A. J. (1997) Outdoor lighting- Lighting to deter fear and crime. Lighting, 17(6), 32- 37. Fleming, K. (2002) Outdoor lighting practices in the state of Indiana. Indiana: The Indiana Council on Outdoor Lighting Education (ICOLE). http://icole.home.att.net/olprpt.pdf Fornasari, L. (2002) Malpensa airport and bird migration: a matter of light pollution. Pp 123- 136 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Friedlander, G. D. (1966) The Northeast Power Failure-- a blanket of darkness. IEEE Spectrum, 3(2), 54-73 (February). http://blackouts.gmu.edu/highlights/blackout65f.html Garstang, R. H. (1989a) Night sky brightness at observatories and sites. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 101, 306-329. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/article_service.html Garstang, R. H. (1989b) The status and prospects for ground-based observatory sites. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 27, 19-40. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/article_service.html Garstang, R. H. (1991) Dust and light pollution. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 1109-1116. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/article_service.html Garstang, R. H. (2000a) Light pollution at Mount Wilson: the effects of population growth and air pollution. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 71-82. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/garstang1.pdf). 150
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
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The new hypothesis suggests that pr
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ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
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4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
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If there is some substance to the b
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2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
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e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
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Intent in two of the source documen
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Unlike the situation in England and
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proportional to the amount of outdo
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Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
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“We are not aware of any school d
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The Auckland central business distr
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Italian regions and in Czechia will
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summer’s worst heat wave and in t
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For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
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which unreasonably disturbs the sle
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4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
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much as 60 % of the emitted light a
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Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
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level will be linked to clock time
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Curve E is the simplest form of var
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night, plus the relative change ove
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• spatial extent also ranging fro
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Crime tends to increase as a reacti
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Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
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unreliable, and funding for further
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What would be helpful now would be
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5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
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TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
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TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
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necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
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5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
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Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
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5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
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objectionably large reduction, part
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no reason to suppose that ambient l
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oads were lit adequately for pedest
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Because of concern about the upward
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that major cross streets occur at i
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Overall, the tests indicate that dr
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TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157 and 158: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 159: Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fati
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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