Outdoor Lighting and Crime - Amper

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Clark, B. A. J. (2002b) Outdoor lighting and crime, Part 1: little or no benefit. Melbourne, Australia: Astronomical Society of Victoria, Inc. http://www.asv.org.au/ and other websites CNN (1999) Heat wave eases; New York, other cities plagued by blackouts. CNN.com, 1999-07-07. http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9907/07/heat.wave.01/index.html Cohn, E. G. (1993) The prediction of police calls for service: the influence of weather and temporal variables on rape and domestic violence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 71-83. Cook, M. (2002) Light pollution. Why municipalities should be concerned. A discussion paper with solutions and recommendations. http://members.rogers.com/michaeljcook/lightpollution/submission.pdf Cooney, T. and Stone, J. (2002) A dark Tuesday. Energy Education Curriculum Project. Iowa: University of Northern Iowa, Center for Energy and Environmental Education. http://www.earth.uni.edu/EECP/elem/mod2_socsta.html Corwin, J. L. and Miles, W. T. (1978) Impact assessment of the 1977 New York city blackout. Final report, SCI Project 5236-100 (July). Palo Alto, CA: Systems Control, Inc. http://blackout.gmu.edu/archive/pdf/impact_77.pdf Council of Europe (2000) The relationship between the physical urban environment and crime reduction and prevention. Final declaration, Conference in Szczecin, Poland, 2000-10- 19 to 21. CG/CONF/POLAND (2000) 2. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, Chamber of Local Authorities. http://www.edoca.net/Resources/Conference%20Papers/Szczecin/Council_of_Europe_Eng.pdf CPRE (2003) Night blight. ISBN: 1 902786 59.9. London: Campaign to Protect Rural England. http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/pub/pdfs/landscape/light-pollution/night-blightreport-32pp.pdf CRCIT (2002) Crime reduction. Burglary. Home security lighting. Crime Reduction College Information Team. http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/burglary45.htm D’Allemagne, H. R. (1891) Histoire du luminaire, depuis l’epoque romaine jusqu’au XIXe siecle. Paris: Alphonse Picard. (Not seen; cited by Anon. (2002b).) Davis, G. (1998) The Auckland electricity supply disruption 1998: emergency management aspects. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 113(4), 44-46. (Summer 1998/1999) http://www.ema.gov.au/5virtuallibrary/pdfs/vol13no4/davis.pdf Davis, T. (1999) Desert sprawl. High Country News, 31(1). (2002-01-18) http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=4709 Davis, S., Mirick, D. K. and Stevens, R. G. (2001) Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(20), 1557-1562. Abstract at http://jnci.oupjournals.org/ 147
Dawson, D. and Reid, K. (1997) Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature, 338, 235. DCPC (2001) Reporting crime in the Melbourne Central Business District. Third report of the Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, Parliament of Victoria. Melbourne: Government Printer for the State of Victoria. http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/dcpc/Reports%20in%20PDF/3rd_Crime_Report.pdf DCPC (2002) Inquiry into crime trends. Fourth report of the Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, Parliament of Victoria. Melbourne: Government Printer for the State of Victoria. http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/dcpc/Reports%20in%20PDF/4th_Crime_www_sec.pdf Dement, W. C. and Vaughan, C. (1999) The promise of sleep. USA: Delacourt Press. Flyer at http://home.att.net/~icole/promiseofsleep.htm Demographia (1999) US central city and suburban violent crime rates: 1999. http://www.demographia.com/db-crimev99.htm Demographia (2002) US population from 1900. http://www.demographia.com/dbcrimev99.htm Di Sora, M. (2000) The fight against light pollution in Italy. In Cinzano, P., ed. (2000b) Measuring and modelling light pollution. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana (Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society), 71(1), 271-279. http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/memsait.pdf (the paper is accessible separately as well, http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano/memorie/disora.pdf). Di Sora, M. (2002) Light pollution and eenergy saving: excellent results obtained in the application of new regulations. Pp 177-180 in Cinzano, P., ed. (2002b) Light pollution and protection of the night environment. (Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del ‘ambiente notturno.) Proceedings of conference held in Venice, 2002-05-03. ISBN 88-88517-01-4. Venice, Italy: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dell’Inquinamento Luminoso. http://www.lightpollution.it/istil/venice/ or http://www.venetostellato.it/ Donnelly, W. (2002) The Auckland CBD power outage. Support for high rise building occupants and the commercial sector. “Leadership and communications.” Canberra, ACT: Emergency Management Australia. http://www.ema.gov.au/4edutrainresearch/power_outage.html Dudley, G. (2000) Skyglow at dark sky sites. Southern Astronomy, Issue No. 7, pp 16-18 (ISSN 1328-0252). Dundee (2002) Street lighting. Dundee, Scotland: Dundee City Council. http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/ptrans/streetlights/ 148
Page 1 and 2:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND CRIME, PART 2:
Page 3 and 4:
The new hypothesis suggests that pr
Page 5 and 6:
ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND GLO
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ns not significant NSW New South Wa
Page 9 and 10:
4.2.2.1 A graphical approach.......
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9.12 SKYBEAMS AND LASER DISPLAYS...
Page 13 and 14:
If there is some substance to the b
Page 15 and 16:
2. GROWTH IN LIGHTING AND IN CRIME
Page 17 and 18:
e at risk when community and enviro
Page 19 and 20:
A decade of satellite measurements
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2000). Regardless, there are often
Page 23 and 24:
Intent in two of the source documen
Page 25 and 26:
Unlike the situation in England and
Page 27 and 28:
proportional to the amount of outdo
Page 29 and 30:
Zealand (Not shown in figures) Popu
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the crime is much less feared by mo
Page 33 and 34:
“We are not aware of any school d
Page 35 and 36:
The Auckland central business distr
Page 37 and 38:
Italian regions and in Czechia will
Page 39 and 40:
summer’s worst heat wave and in t
Page 41 and 42:
For 1977-07-04: End of Civil Twilig
Page 43 and 44:
which unreasonably disturbs the sle
Page 45 and 46:
4. MAKING SENSE OF THE EVIDENCE 4.1
Page 47 and 48:
much as 60 % of the emitted light a
Page 49 and 50:
Marchant (2003) pointed out that th
Page 51 and 52:
level will be linked to clock time
Page 53 and 54:
Curve E is the simplest form of var
Page 55 and 56:
night, plus the relative change ove
Page 57 and 58:
• spatial extent also ranging fro
Page 59 and 60:
Crime tends to increase as a reacti
Page 61 and 62:
Causal Variable TABLE 2. Apparent S
Page 63 and 64:
unreliable, and funding for further
Page 65 and 66:
What would be helpful now would be
Page 67 and 68:
5. THE HYPOTHESIS AND FURTHER EVIDE
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Isobe 2003) with the same observati
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 3. World Cities: Upward Light
Page 73 and 74:
TDU = 0.15 S + 0.5 A + 0.1 V. The t
Page 75 and 76:
necessary but not sufficient condit
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TABLE 6. Population, Crime and Upwa
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On the assumption that roads and pa
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eliably positive slope with data un
Page 83 and 84:
5.2.3.7 Summary and discussion of r
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eflectance have changed the relativ
Page 87 and 88:
Country TABLE 8. Crime Rate and Upw
Page 89 and 90:
5.3 DISCUSSION OF THE CRIME AND LIG
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eventually in overall crime rates i
Page 93 and 94:
objectionably large reduction, part
Page 95 and 96:
no reason to suppose that ambient l
Page 97 and 98:
oads were lit adequately for pedest
Page 99 and 100:
Because of concern about the upward
Page 101 and 102:
that major cross streets occur at i
Page 103 and 104:
Overall, the tests indicate that dr
Page 105 and 106:
TABLE 11. Drugs Crime and Light at
Page 107 and 108: 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 6.1 ADVERS
Page 109 and 110: 1999). Year-round summer-length dur
Page 111 and 112: yet ratified under the Kyoto Protoc
Page 113 and 114: One further problem needs to be rai
Page 115 and 116: Even with adequate notice it might
Page 117 and 118: markedly greater if there is substa
Page 119 and 120: at night, not only dim light but lo
Page 121 and 122: A Technical Report on the topic (IL
Page 123 and 124: ambient light. Commercial competiti
Page 125 and 126: with lighting for an aging populati
Page 127 and 128: If excessive lighting and lighting
Page 129 and 130: outdoor use of searchlights, skybea
Page 131 and 132: If funds are available for crime pr
Page 133 and 134: the first place now have to accept
Page 135 and 136: installation and usage of artificia
Page 137 and 138: Section 5.2.2 needs to be replaced
Page 139 and 140: 8.5 ANOTHER VIEW There is an extens
Page 141 and 142: 9. CONCLUSIONS Crime appears to be
Page 143 and 144: There appears to be no compelling e
Page 145 and 146: account for the strong positive cor
Page 147 and 148: aimed lighting used for advertising
Page 149 and 150: 10. RECOMMENDATIONS The following r
Page 151 and 152: c. Support competent investigations
Page 153 and 154: 14. REFERENCES Notes following refe
Page 155 and 156: BJS (2002a) Key crime and justice f
Page 157: http://dipastro.pd.astro.it/cinzano
Page 161 and 162: Fennelly, L. J. (1996) Security sur
Page 163 and 164: Harder, B. (2002) Deprived of darkn
Page 165 and 166: IDA IS35 (1997) Billboards. Informa
Page 167 and 168: Klein, A. G., Hall, D. K. and Nolin
Page 169 and 170: Martinez-Papponi, B. L. (2000) Scie
Page 171 and 172: NBI (2002) Integrated Energy System
Page 173 and 174: Pearce, F. (1995) Declaring a curfe
Page 175 and 176: in the Nurses’ Health Study. Jour
Page 177 and 178: UNESCAP (2002) Developments in the
Page 179 and 180: FIGURES FIGURE 1. SKYGLOW AND CRIME
Page 181 and 182: FIGURE 3. SKYGLOW AND CRIME IN USA
Page 183 and 184: PERCENT FIGURE 5. USA BURGLARIES BY
Page 185 and 186: UCR CRIME RATE % FIGURE 7. UCR CRIM
Page 187 and 188: FIGURE 9. UCR CRIME AND UPWARD LIGH
Page 189 and 190: FIGURE 11. CRIME RATE AND UPWARD LI
Page 191 and 192: FIGURE 13. CRIME AND UPWARD LIGHT E
Page 193 and 194: Log 10 (ILLUMINANCE, lux) FIGURE 15
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