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Space Security 2011 148 could also be more quickly replaced. However, advancements have been slow, and present gains may prove temporary. Cheaper technologies will also be more widely available, making proliferation a concern. More privatization of space launches has the potential to dramatically improve innovation in space systems and save money, thereby facilitating increased access to space. It remains to be seen whether eective controls will be placed on private industry as it moves into space.
Space Systems Negation is chapter assesses trends and developments related to the research, development, testing, and deployment of capabilities to negate the use of space systems, which includes Earthto-space and space-to-space interference, as well as electromagnetic and cyber attacks. e focus here is on technical capabilities and not the intent of actors to use them. While this chapter touches on the development of space surveillance capabilities, which is a key enabling technology for space systems negation, Space Situational Awareness is covered as a separate space security indicator in chapter 2. Space systems negation eorts can involve taking action from the ground or from space against the ground-based components of space systems, the communications links to and from satellites, space launchers, or satellites themselves. Negation can be achieved through the application of cybernetic or electronic interference, conventional weapons, directed energy (lasers), or nuclear capabilities used to carry out what are often referred to in the U.S. as the ve Ds: deception, disruption, denial, degradation, and destruction. 1 Many space negation capabilities are derived from widely available military equipment, technology, and practices. ese include conventional attacks on ground stations, hacking into computer systems, jamming satellite communications links, using false radio transmissions (spoong), or simple camouage techniques to conceal the location of military space assets. Space negation capabilities that involve attacks on satellites themselves are more sophisticated. With the exception of ground-based laser dazzling or blinding, a basic launch capability is required to directly attack a satellite. Space surveillance capabilities are also required to eectively target satellites in orbit. Some space-based negation techniques require highly specialized capabilities, such as precision maneuverability or autonomous tracking. Degradation and destruction can be provided by conventional, directed energy, or nuclear anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons. 2 Conventional anti-satellite weapons include precisionguided kinetic-intercept vehicles, conventional explosives, and specialized systems designed to spread lethal clouds of metal pellets in the orbital path of a targeted satellite. A space launch vehicle with a nuclear weapon would be capable of producing a High Altitude Nuclear Detonation (HAND), causing widespread and immediate electronic damage to satellites, combined with the long-term eects of false radiation belts, which would have an adverse impact on many satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). 3 Space Security Impact Space systems negation capabilities are directly related to space security since they enable an actor to restrict the secure access to and use of space by other actors. e dynamics of space negation and space protection are closely related. For example, robust space negation eorts will more likely succeed in the face of weak protection measures. Like other oense/defense relationships in military aairs, this space negation/protection dynamic raises concerns about an arms race and overall instability as actors compete for the strategic advantages that space negation capabilities appear to oer. Dierent negation activities are likely to stimulate dierent responses. 4 While interruption of communications links would probably not be viewed as very provocative, physical destruction of satellites could trigger an arms race. Soviet and U.S. concerns that early warning satellites be protected from direct attack as a measure to enhance crisis management were enshrined in bilateral treaties such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaties. Space war games have Space Systems Negation CHAPTER EIGHT 149
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
Page 107 and 108: Commercial Space is chapter assesse
Page 109 and 110: espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
Page 111 and 112: in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
Page 113 and 114: comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
Page 115 and 116: of the rst two space tourists purc
Page 117 and 118: At the Spaceport America runway ded
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Page 121 and 122: esources to address growing space s
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Page 125 and 126: Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
Page 135 and 136: Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
Page 143 and 144: 2010 Development Space Support for
Page 147 and 148: Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
Page 149 and 150: Responding to such concerns, the U.
Page 151 and 152: Space Security Impact e establishme
Page 153 and 154: industry rsts — notably, the rst
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Page 161 and 162: equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
Page 163 and 164: satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
Page 165 and 166: under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.2: History of ground-based
Page 169 and 170: e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
Page 171 and 172: Space Security Working Group Meetin
Page 173 and 174: Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
Page 175 and 176: Article II Outer space, including t
Page 177 and 178: Article XI In order to promote inte
Page 179 and 180: Spacecraft Launched in 2010 COSPAR
Page 181 and 182: COSPAR Launch Date 2010- 041B 2010-
Page 183 and 184: Chapter One Endnotes 1 D. Wright,
Page 185 and 186: 51 Council of the European Union, d
Page 187 and 188: 97 Joel D. Scheraga, “Establishin
Page 189 and 190: 21 Vandenberg Air Force Base, “Va
Page 191 and 192: 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
Page 193 and 194: 13 United Nations Oce for Outer Spa
Page 195 and 196: 54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Cha
Page 197 and 198: 93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
Page 199 and 200: 135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
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generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
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13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
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55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
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99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
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136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
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43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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AW_04_19_2010_p35-219773.xml&headli
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138 China State Council Information
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176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
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265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
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Programs of Interest,” Center for
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87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
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36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
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krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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