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Space Security 2011 220 197 Pierre Tran, “France Readies Satellite Launches,” Defence News, 6 November 2008, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3807629. 198 Space News, “MUSIS ground system deal teeters on edge of collapse,” 25 April 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/military/100425-musis-deal-teeters.html. 199 Space News, “European Rocket Sends French Military Satellite Aloft,” 28 November 2005. 200 For a discussion see Federation of American Scientists, “Helios,” World Space Guide, 10 December 1999, online: www.fas.org/spp/guide/france/military/imint. 201 e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2003-2004, (London: Routledge 2004) at 230. 202 BBC News, “UK Skynet military satellite system extended,” 9 March 2010, online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8556585.stm. 203 Ibid. 204 Space War, “German Forces Will Receive Secure Network with Two Satellites,” 9 July 2006, online: www.spacewar.com/reports/German_Armed_Forces_Will_Receive_Secure_Network_ With_Two_Satellites_999.html. 205 e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2003-2004 (London: Routledge 2004) at 230. 206 Keith Stein, “France Launches First Missile Tracking Satellites,” Associated Content, 23 February 2009, online: www.associatedcontent.com/article/1485778/france_launches_rst_missile_tracking. html?cat=15. 207 Pierre Tran, “France Readies Satellite Launches,” Defence News, 6 November 2008, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3807629. 208 Peter B. de Selding, “Rest of Europe Cool to French Missile Warning Ambitions,” Space News, 27 October 2008 at 13; Peter B. de Selding, “France Determined to Demonstrate Missile Warning Technology, Improve U.S. Ties,” Space News, 1 October 2008 at 13. 209 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: European Space Policy, 2007, 212 nal, 26 April 2007 at para. 3.4, online: http:// ec.europa.eu/enterprise/space/doc_pdf/esp_comm7_0212_en.pdf. 210 Jonathan Amos, “Europe's 10bn euro space vision,” BBC World, 26 November 2008, online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7747539.stm. 211 David Long et al., e Evolution and Shape of European Space Policy: Preliminary Report for DFAIT, Department of Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada, 2004 at 25. 212 Andrew B. Godefroy, Europe in a Changing Global Context: Space Policy, Security, and Non- Weaponization, Department of Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada, 2004 at 14. 213 Gunter Dirk Krebs, “IGS-Optical 1, 2,” Gunter’s Space Page, 4 January 2005, online: www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_sdat/igs-optical-1.htm. 214 Mark Wade, “IGS,” Astronautix, 2008, online: www.astronautix.com/craft/igs.htm. 215 Space Flight, “Japanese Spy Satellite Rockets into Orbit,” 11 September 2006, online: www.spaceightnow.com/news/n0609/11h2aigs. 216 Kim Yong-ho, “Air Force Begins Establishment of the Space Command Center in Full-Scale,” Seoul Kukpang Journal, 1 December 2003. 217 John Pike, “e Military Uses of Outer Space,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2002) at 641. 218 e order was placed in 1996. e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2003-2004 (London: Routledge, 2004) at 306. 219 Asia Satellite News, “Koreasat 5 Launched,” 29 August 2006, online: www.telecomseurope.net/ article.php?id_article=2979. 220 RIA Novosti, “Russian Rocket Launches South Korea’s Kompsat 2,” 28 July 2006, online: www.gisdevelopment.net/news/print.asp?id=GIS:N_sawjfmqrvz&cat=New+Products&subc= Satellite+Imagery.
221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alternative Metric Solution,” 2010, online: www.spotimage.fr/ html/_167_171_1155_.php. 222 Agence France-Presse, “ailand Signs Deal with French Company for Spy Satellite,” 19 July 2004. 223 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 224 Agence France-Presse, “Taiwan Planning Spy Satellite: Report,” 10 October 2005; Mail and Guardian, “Taiwan Plans Launch of Spy Satellite,” 10 October 2005. In 2006, Taiwan’s military released reconnaissance photos that it claimed depicted China’s military buildup; Yahoo! Asia News, “Taiwanese Military Shows Satellite Images of China’s Military Build-up,” 20 January 2006, online: http://asia.news.yahoo.com/060119/kyodo/d8f7mj280.html. 225 Defense Update, “Israel Launches New Satellite,” updated 9 July 2002, online: www.defenseupdate.com/news/ofeq5.htm; e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2003-2004 (London: Routledge 2004) at 230. e launch of Ofek-4 in 1999 failed (Military Balance 2003-2004 at 281). 226 Defense News, “Israel launches Ofeq-9 Satellite,” 22 June 2010, online: www.defensenews.com/ story.php?i=4681651&c=MID&s=AIR. 227 Space News, “Israel’s Eros B imaging satellite reaches orbit,” 1 May 2006. 228 Foreign Policy in Focus, “India and Israel Eye Iran,” 12 February 2008, online: www.fpif.org/ articles/india_and_israel_eye_iran. 229 e Guardian, “Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran,” 21 January 2008, online: www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/21/iran.marktran. 230 Ibid. 231 Jerey T. Richelson, “e Whole World is Watching,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, January/February 2006 at 35. 232 Yitaf S. Shapir, “e Spirit is Willing: Iran’s Eort to Conquer Space,” 152 Tel Aviv Notes, 6 November 2005; Ali Akbar Dareini, “Iran Now Says Satellite Can Spy on Israel,” e Washington Post, 16 November 2005, online: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2005/11/16/AR2005111601595.html. 233 Robin Hughes, “Long Range Ambitions,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 September 2006 at 26. 234 GIS Development, “Egyptsat-1 placed into orbit,” 18 April 2007, online: www.gisdevelopment.net/ news/viewn.asp?id=GIS:N_hkzlwgbfpr. 235 Jerusalem Post, “Egypt to launch rst spy satellite,” 15 January 2007, online: www.jpost.com/servlet/ Satellite?cid=1167467733037&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull. 236 Burak Ege Bekdil, “Turkey Plans First Recon Satellite, Worldwide Aerospace Forecast,” Defense News, 18 June 2007. 237 GlobalSecurity.org, “Australia and Satellite Communication Systems,” 27 April 2005, online: www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/australia/comm.htm. 238 Stephen Butler, “DSTO Plans Unique Test Phase to Model New Era Defence C1 Communications Satellite,” Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization, 23 June 2003, online: www.dsto.defence.gov.au/news/3775. 239 Space War, “Australia to Join with United States in Defense Global Satellite Communications Capability,” 9 October 2007, online: www.spacewar.com/reports/Australia_To_Join_With_ United_States_In_Defence_Global_Satellite_Communications_Capability_999.html. 240 David Pugliese, “Canada Nears Access to Dedicated Milsats,” Defense News, 25 September 2006 at 16. 241 Canada Department of National Defence, “Project Polar Epsilon Will Enhance Canada’s Surveillance and Security Capability,” DND/CF News Release, 2 June 2005, online: www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=1674. 242 Canadian Press, “Federal Government Looks to Satellite to Help Assert Arctic Sovereignty,” redOrbit.com, 28 August 2005, online: www.redorbit.com/news/science/222533/federal_ government_looks_to_satellite_to_help_assert_arctic_sovereignty/index.html; Backgrounder, Endnotes 221
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Space Security Working Group Meetin
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Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
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Article II Outer space, including t
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Article XI In order to promote inte
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Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
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Page 211 and 212: generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
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Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
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Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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