Space Security Index

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Space Security 2011 32 On 13 October, a Russian Breeze-M upper stage (object 2008-011B) experienced minor fragmentation in its geotransfer parking orbit. 32 e launch vehicle had suered a malfunction during the 1998 launch of the AMC-14 satellite, which provides satellite television services for Dish Network. Although AMC-14 was able to maneuver on its own into the GEO belt, the malfunction left the upper stage in a highly elliptical orbit with a signicant amount of residual propellant, which is usually consumed during launch. e fragmentation resulted in 10 cataloged pieces of debris, all of which are expected to remain in orbit for decades. 33 However, the high altitude and the Breeze-M’s elliptical orbit make consistent tracking of small pieces of debris dicult. On 1 November, the upper stage (object 2010-057B) of a Chinese Long March 3C rocket experienced a minor fragmentation in its 160 km x 35,780 km highly elliptical geotransfer orbit. 34 e event appears to have occurred shortly after the rocket separated from its payload, a Chinese Beidou G4 navigation satellite. Although approximately 50 pieces of debris were detected by the SSN, as of January 2011, none had been cataloged. 35 On 24 November, a defunct U.S. NOAA weather satellite (object 1988-089A) experienced minor fragmentation in its 835 km x 850 km LEO orbit. 36 Five pieces of debris have been cataloged from this event. 37 ree previous NOAA spacecraft of the same TIROS-N series have experienced similar fragmentation events, each releasing a few pieces at least a dozen years after launch, for unknown reasons. 38 On 23 December, a piece of debris (object 2007-005E) from the 2007 launch of the Japanese IGS 4A and 4B remote sensing satellites experienced a minor fragmentation. 39 e launch had resulted in the unusually high number of 12 pieces of debris left in orbit, all of which had decayed in 2007 and 2008, with the exception of object 2007-005E. 40 e SSN initially detected 10 new pieces of debris from the December 2010 event, cataloging three. 41 A complete listing of the 2010 breakups can be found in Table 1.4 below. Table 1.4: Summary of 2010 debris events 42 Parent object Country Date Estimated number of pieces* Cataloged number of pieces** Lifespan of pieces Yaogan 1 China Feb 2010 8 8 decades Breeze-M tank Russia 21 June 2010 hundreds 89 6 months Breeze-M R/B Russia 13 Oct 2010 tens 9 decades CZ-3C R/B China 1 Nov 2010 50 1 1,000+ years NOAA-11 U.S. 24 Nov 2010 2 2 centuries H-2A debris Japan 23 Dec 2010 6 3 months/years * As initially reported by the SSN ** As of 15 February 2011
Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbit population by launching state 43 Figure 1.6: Growth in on-orbit population by category 44 is chart displays a summary of all objects in Earth orbit o cially cataloged by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network. “Fragmentation debris” includes satellite breakup debris and anomalous event debris, while “mission-related debris” includes all objects dispensed, separated, or released as part of the planned mission. The Space Environment 33
Page 1: SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
Page 4 and 5: Library and Archives Canada Catalog
Page 7 and 8: PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
Page 9: PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
Page 12 and 13: Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
Page 14 and 15: Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
Page 17 and 18: Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
Page 19 and 20: of the three preceding years, in al
Page 21 and 22: The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
Page 23 and 24: 2010 Developments: • Internationa
Page 25 and 26: 2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
Page 27 and 28: Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
Page 29 and 30: 2010 Developments: • Satellite na
Page 31 and 32: eyond the ISS partners, without sac
Page 33 and 34: 2010 Developments: • Japan launch
Page 35 and 36: Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
Page 37 and 38: The Space Environment is chapter as
Page 39 and 40: of which fewer than 5 per cent are
Page 41: Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
Page 45 and 46: (German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
Page 47 and 48: approximately six weeks later. NASA
Page 49 and 50: Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
Page 51 and 52: etransmits the programming to cable
Page 53 and 54: order of years or decades, there ar
Page 55 and 56: help increase the transparency and
Page 57 and 58: e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
Page 59 and 60: Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
Page 61 and 62: Space surveillance is an area of gr
Page 63 and 64: Space Security Impact e European SS
Page 65 and 66: 2010 Development U.S. government co
Page 67 and 68: states can peacefully discuss, for
Page 69 and 70: Registration Convention The Convent
Page 71 and 72: PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
Page 73 and 74: Space Security Proposals A number o
Page 75 and 76: threat posed to the access to, and
Page 77 and 78: on questions and issues put before
Page 79 and 80: an impasse. Despite the difficultie
Page 81 and 82: 2010 Development Africa considers t
Page 83 and 84: e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
Page 85 and 86: 2010 Development U.S. export reform
Page 87 and 88: space orbits and place great strain
Page 89 and 90: 2010 Development Various countries
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
Page 93 and 94:
itself, major contractors such as B
Page 95 and 96:
1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
Page 97 and 98:
2010 Development Mix of successes a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
Page 103 and 104:
GPS military applications include n
Page 105 and 106:
distribution system that provides a
Page 107 and 108:
Commercial Space is chapter assesse
Page 109 and 110:
espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
Page 111 and 112:
in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
Page 113 and 114:
comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
Page 115 and 116:
of the rst two space tourists purc
Page 117 and 118:
At the Spaceport America runway ded
Page 119 and 120:
the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
Page 121 and 122:
esources to address growing space s
Page 123 and 124:
satellite technology is that the sy
Page 125 and 126:
Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
2010 Development Space Support for
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
Page 149 and 150:
Responding to such concerns, the U.
Page 151 and 152:
Space Security Impact e establishme
Page 153 and 154:
industry rsts — notably, the rst
Page 155 and 156:
involved; modest shields in GEO can
Page 157 and 158:
X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
Page 159 and 160:
Space Systems Negation is chapter a
Page 161 and 162:
equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
Page 163 and 164:
satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
Page 165 and 166:
under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
Page 167 and 168:
Table 8.2: History of ground-based
Page 169 and 170:
e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
Page 171 and 172:
Space Security Working Group Meetin
Page 173 and 174:
Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
Page 175 and 176:
Article II Outer space, including t
Page 177 and 178:
Article XI In order to promote inte
Page 179 and 180:
Spacecraft Launched in 2010 COSPAR
Page 181 and 182:
COSPAR Launch Date 2010- 041B 2010-
Page 183 and 184:
Chapter One Endnotes 1 D. Wright,
Page 185 and 186:
51 Council of the European Union, d
Page 187 and 188:
97 Joel D. Scheraga, “Establishin
Page 189 and 190:
21 Vandenberg Air Force Base, “Va
Page 191 and 192:
69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
Page 193 and 194:
13 United Nations Oce for Outer Spa
Page 195 and 196:
54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Cha
Page 197 and 198:
93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
Page 199 and 200:
135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202:
3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
Page 203 and 204:
50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206:
88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208:
131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
Page 209 and 210:
170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
Page 211 and 212:
generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
Page 213 and 214:
13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
Page 215 and 216:
55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217 and 218:
99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
Page 219 and 220:
136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
Page 223 and 224:
43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
Page 225 and 226:
AW_04_19_2010_p35-219773.xml&headli
Page 227 and 228:
138 China State Council Information
Page 229 and 230:
176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
Page 231 and 232:
221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
Page 233 and 234:
265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
Page 235 and 236:
Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
Page 237 and 238:
Programs of Interest,” Center for
Page 239 and 240:
87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242:
36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244:
krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
Page 245 and 246:
101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
show all

Space Security Index

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?