Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 216 114 Inside GNSS, “Russia Reveals CDMA Signal Plan as GLONASS Nears Full Operational Capacity,” 2 September 2010, online: www.insidegnss.com/node/2355. 115 Alan Cameron, “GLONASS Up to Date and Out of State,” GPS World, 22 March 2010, online: www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/GLONASS/news/GLONASS-up-date-and-out-state-9710. 116 Richard B. Langley, “GLONASS Launch of ree Satellites Successful, Roscosmos Says,” GPS World, 2 September 2010, online: www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/glonass-launchthree-satellites-successful-roscosmos-says-10430. 117 GPS Daily, “Program Error Caused Russian Glonass Satellite Loss,” 7 December 2010, online: www.gpsdaily.com/reports/Program_Error_Caused_Russian_Glonass_Satellite_Loss_999.html. 118 Peter B. de Selding, “Russia Suspends All Proton Launches During Investigation,” Space News, 7 December 2010, online: http://spacenews.com/launch/101207-russia-suspends-proton-launches. html. 119 Ibid. 120 Gleb Bryanski and omas Grove, “Russia space chief calls satellite crash ‘heavy loss,’” Reuters, 13 December 2010, online: www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BC4X020101213. 121 Inside GNSS, “Russian Ocials Fired Over GLONASS Satellites Launch Failure,” 29 December 2010, online: www.insidegnss.com/node/2409. 122 Ibid. 123 Jerey Hill, “Russian Defense Ministry Postpones GLONASS-K Launch,” Satellite Today, 22 December 2010, online: www.satellitetoday.com/st/headlines/Russian-Defense-Ministry- Postpones-GLONASS-K-Launch_35816.html. 124 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 125 Space Daily, “Russia’s Space Program Suers Setback in 2010,” 1 March 2011, online: www. spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_Space_Program_Suers_Setback_In_2010_999.html. 126 Neelam Mathews, “Dual System: Reliability is key to building GPS services in India, Russians say,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1-8 November 2010 at 38-39. 127 Alexey Druzhinin, “Russia and India sign major military, nuclear deals,” RIA Novosti, 12 March 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/world/20100312/158177812.html. 128 RIA Novosti, “Russia orbits military satellite,” 28 January 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/ russia/20100128/157704230.html. 129 Gunter Dirk Krebs, “Orbital Launches of 2010,” Gunter’s Space Page, 2011, online: www. skyrocket.de/space/doc_chr/lau2010.htm. 130 Stephen Clark, “Soyuz rocket launches Russian military satellite,” Spaceight Now, 16 April 2010, online: www.spaceightnow.com/news/n1004/16soyuz. 131 Chris Bergin, “Russian Rockot launches with Gonets-M and two Kosmos satellites,” NASA Spaceight, 7 September 2010, online: www.nasaspaceight.com/2010/09/russian-rockot-launchvehicle-gonets-m-satellite-to-orbit. 132 RIA Novosti, “Russia successfully sends Kosmos satellite into orbit,” 30 September 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100930/160783729.html. 133 RIA Novosti, “Russian military lays hope on new Angara carrier rockets,” 15 January 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100115/157550645.html. 134 RIA Novosti, “Russia to start testing new Angara rocket in 2013,” RIA Novosti, 15 July 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100715/159826586.html. 135 Ibid. 136 GlobalSecurity.org, “China Military Space Projects,” 25 June 2010, online: www.globalsecurity.org/ space/world/china/military.htm. 137 Mark Stokes, China’s Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, Strategic Studies Institute, September 1999, at 6, 173, online: www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display. cfm?pubID=74.
138 China State Council Information Oce, China’s National Defense in 2008, White Paper, 20 January 2009, online: www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-01/20/content_7413294.htm; Trefor Moss, “Space Race,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 29 October 2008 at 28. 139 GlobalSecurity.org, “China and Imagery Intelligence,” 20 October 2005, online: www. globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/imint.htm. 140 Jane’s Space Directory, “Government and Non-Government Space Programs: China,” 14 October 2004. 141 e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2003-2004, London: Routledge 2004 at 230, 304; Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ ucs-satellite-database.html. 142 Surrey Satellite Technologies Ltd., “Disaster Monitoring and High-Resolution Imaging,” 2005, online: www.sstl.co.uk/index.php?loc=121. It has been reported that “Government departments will also use the satellite during emergencies to aid decision-making of the central government” (People’s Daily Online, “Beijing-1 Satellite Starts Remote Sensing Service,” 8 June 2006, online: http://english.people.com.cn/200606/08/eng20060608_272262.html). 143 Xinhua, “Remote Sensing Satellite Successfully Launched,” 27 April 2006, online: http://news. xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/27/content_4480989.htm. 144 Jonathan Weng, “China satellite launch indicates rapid progress,” Jane’s Defence Review, 13 June 2007 at 25; Jonathan McDowell, “NROL,” Jonathan’s Space Report No. 581, 23 June 2007, online: www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.581. e last two satellites were launched in 2008 after the publication of these articles. ey are most likely optical imaging satellites. 145 John Pike, “e Military Uses of Outer Space,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2002) at 635-6; Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “China Prole,” 2010, online: www.nti. org/e_research/proles/China/index.html. 146 John Pike, “e Military Uses of Outer Space,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2002) at 635-6. 147 Georey Forden, “Strategic Uses for China’s Beidou Satellite System,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 16 September 2003; Georey Forden, “e Military Capabilities and Implications of China’s Indigenous Satellite-Based Navigation System,” 12 Science and Global Security, 2004 at 232. 148 Dr. Jing Guifei, National Remote Sensing Center of China and the Ministry of Science and Technology, quoted in GPS World, “China Discusses Beidou with the GNSS Community,” 21 February 2008, online: http://sidt.gpsworld.com/gpssidt/content/printContentPopup. jsp?id=493496; Glen Gibbons, “China’s Compass/Beidou: Back-Track or Dual Track?” Inside GNSS, March/April 2008. According to the following article, the military signal could provide accuracy up to 10 m: GPS Daily, “China Starts to Build Own Satellite Navigation System,” 3 November 2006, online: www.gpsdaily.com/reports/China_Starts_To_Build_Own_Satellite_ Navigation_System_999.html. 149 Xinhua, “China puts new navigation satellite into orbit,” 3 February 2007, online: http://news. xinhuanet.com/english/2007-02/03/content_5689019.htm; Xinhua, “China launches ‘Compass’ navigation satellites,” 14 April 2007, online: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-04/14/ content_5974414.htm. 150 “China Launches 5th Compass (Beidou-2) Navigation Satellite – First IGSO,” Inside GNSS, 1 August 2010, online: www.insidegnss.com/node/2211. 151 Astronautix, “CZ 4B Chronology,” 2007, online: www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz4b.htm; James Lewis, “China as a Military Space Competitor,” in Perspectives on Space Security, ed. John Logsdon and Audrey Schaer (Washington, DC: Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, 2005) at 101, online: www.gwu.edu/~spi/assets/docs/PERSPECTIVES_ON_SPACE_SECURITY.pdf. 152 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 153 Ibid. 154 G. Madhavan Nair, Secretary in the Department of Space and Chairman of ISRO, quoted in Fresh News, “India ready for launch of satellite with military applications,” 21 September 2007, online: www.freshnews.in/india-ready-for-launch-of-satellite-with-military-applications-15639. Endnotes 217
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Space Security Working Group Meetin
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Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
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Page 191 and 192: 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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Page 199 and 200: 135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
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Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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Page 211 and 212: generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
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Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217 and 218: 99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
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Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
Page 245 and 246: 101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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