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Space Security 2011 184 33 Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Limitation of Strategic Oensive Arms, Article XV, 18 June 1979 not in force, ILM 18, no. 1112; Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Oensive Arms, Article IX, 31 July 1991, Strategic Treaty Documents no. 102-20. 34 Treaty Between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of eir Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, 8 December 1987, ILM 27 no. 90, Article XII. 35 Memorandum of Agreement Between the Government of the United States and Government of the Russian Federation on the Establishment of a Joint Center for the Exchange of Data from Early Warning Systems and Notications of Missile Launches, White House Fact Sheet, 4 June 2000. 36 Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Oensive Arms, online: www.state.gov/documents/ organization/140035.pdf. 37 Given the usefulness of some space technologies in the development of missiles, MTCR export controls are perceived by some countries, notably those outside the regime, as a restrictive cartel impeding access to space. 38 See Missile Technology Control Regime Website, 2010, online: www.mtcr.info/english/index.html. 39 Missile Technology Control Regime, “Objectives of the MTCR,” 2010, online: www.mtcr.info/ english/objectives.html. 40 Came into eect 25 November 2002. 41 Michel Bourbonnière, “LOAC and the Neutralization of Satellites or IUS in Bello Satellites,” International Security Research and Outreach Programme Report, Department of Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada, May 2003 at 17-23. 42 Ambassador omas Graham Jr., “e Law and the Military Uses of Outer Space,” Speech delivered at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, 1 May 2003, online: www.eisenhowerinstitute. org/programs/globalpartnerships/fos/newfrontier/grahambrieng.htm. 43 Dr. Peter Van Fenema, interview by author, McGill University, Montreal, 25 February 2005. 44 United Nations General Assembly, “Review of the Implementation of the Recommendations of the ird United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,” A/59/174, 23 July 2004; United Nations, “Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development Adopted by UNISPACE III, as it Concludes Two-Week Session,” UNISPACE III Conference, 30 July 1999, online: www.un.org/events/unispace3. 45 Detlev Wolter, Common Security in Outer Space and International Law, (Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2005). 46 Ibid. 47 Conference on Disarmament, “Possible Elements of the Future International Legal Instrument on the Prevention of the Weaponization of Outer Space,” CD/1645, 6 June 2001. 48 United Nations General Assembly, “Transparency and condence-building measures in outer space activities,” A/Res/60/66, 6 January 2006, online: http://disarmament.un.org/vote.nsf/5063335733d ce716852570c200516189/479505242538e0d5852570a1004a6bd8/$FILE/60-66.pdf. 49 Union of Concerned Scientists, “A Treaty Limiting Anti-Satellite Weapons,” May 1983, online: www.ucsusa.org/global_security/space_weapons/page.cfm?pageID=1153. 50 United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Building the Architecture for Sustainable Space Security, Conference Report, Geneva, 30-31 March 2006. 51 Henry L. Stimson Center. Model Code of Conduct for the Prevention of Incidents and Dangerous Military Practices in Outer Space, 2004, online: www.stimson.org/wos/pdf/codeofconduct.pdf. 52 Endorsements, Henry L. Stimson Center, online: www.stimson.org/space/?SN=WS200701191170. e concept of a Code of Conduct has been endorsed by representatives from U.S. Strategic Command, the EU, Canada, France, Intelsat, the U.S. Congress, as well as by publications including e Economist, Space News, and Aviation Week and Space Technology. 53 Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz, “President Orders Sweeping U.S. Policy Review,” Res Communis Blog, 5 July 2009, online: http://rescommunis.wordpress.com/2009/07/05/president-orders-sweeping-us-policy-review.
54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Chang, “Obama Reverses Bush’s Space Policy,” e New York Times, 28 June 2010, online: www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/science/space/29orbit.html. 55 Turner Brinton, “International Cooperation Emphasis of Forthcoming U.S. Space Policy,” Space News, 21 May 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/policy/100521-international-cooperationemphasis.html. 56 Paul Meyer, US Space Security Policy, University of Ottawa Centre for International Policy Studies, Policy Brief No.10, 9 October 2010, online: www.sciencessociales.uottawa.ca/cepi-cips/eng/ documents/Meyer_PB_3.pdf. 57 National Space Policy of the United States of America, 28 June 2010, at 7. 58 P.J. Blount, “Implementing the National Space Policy Opportunities and Challenges,” Res Communis Blog, 21 September 2010, online: http://rescommunis.wordpress.com/2010/09/21/ implementing-the-national-space-policy-opportunities-and-challenges. 59 US National Space Policy, 2006. 60 Je Anderson and Valerie Pacer, “New U.S. Space Policy Open to Arms Control, Arms Control Association, September 2010, online: www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_09/SpacePolicy. 61 eresa Hitchens, “US Strategic Use of Space and its Implications,” Presentation at the 25th International Training Course in Security Policy at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, 6 January 2011, online: www.unidir.org/bdd/unidir-views-che.php?ref_uv=31. 62 National Space Policy of the United States, 28 June 2010, at 3. 63 Space Daily, “NASA Chief Says Pleased with Comprehensive China Visit,” 26 October 2010, online: www.spacedaily.com/reports/NASA_chief_says_pleased_with_comprehensive_China_ visit_999.html. 64 Ibid. 65 Union of Concerned Scientists, U.S.-China Space Policy: What’s Up? 21 January 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/us-china-space-policy-0491.html. 66 John T. Bennett, “Flournoy Conrms Space Posture Review Delay,” Defence News, 2 February 2010, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4481146. 67 John Reed, “DoD: Other Countries Levelling Space Playing Field,” Defence News, 25 April 2010, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4568910. 68 William J. Lynn, “Remarks on Space Policy at U.S. Strategic Command Space Symposium,” Speech As Delivered by Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn, III, Omaha, Nebraska, US Department of Defence, 3 November 2010, online: www.defense.gov/speeches/speech. aspx?speechid=1515. 69 John Reed, “DoD Strategy to Propose International Rules for Space,” Defence News, 14 April 2010, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4582919&c=AME&s=TOP. 70 Fact Sheet: National Security Space Strategy, January 2011. 71 V.L. Vasiliev, “e Value of Transparency and Condence Building Measures – Next Steps,” Statement by V.L. Vasiliev, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation at the UNIDIR Conference on Space Security 2010, Geneva, 29 March 2010, online: www.unidir.ch/pdf/ conferences/pdf-conf666.pdf. 72 V.L. Vasiliev, “Presentation of the Draft Resolution L38 - Transparency and Condence Building Measures in Outer Space Activities,” Statement by Victor L. Vasiliev, e Alternate Representative for the Russian Federation in the First Committee to the 65th Session of the General Assembly, New York, 22 October 2010, online: www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/1com/1com10/ statements/25Oct_RussianFed.pdf. 73 Materiales ociales del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Rusia, “Outcome of the First Committee of the UN General Assembly,” Press Release, 2 November 2010, online: www.chile.mid.ru/mre/e10_536.htm. 74 Statement by Ambassador Valery Loshchinin, Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations Oce and other International Organisations in Geneva at the Seminar: “PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE,” Geneva, 11 November 2010, online: www.geneva.mid. ru/speeches/65.html. Endnotes 185
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
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Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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