Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 208 119 Anatoly Zak, “Rockets: Angara Family,” Russian Space Web, 2010, online: www.russianspaceweb. com/angara.html; Government of the Russian Federation, “On Measures to Fulll the Russian Federal Space Program and International Space Agreements, Decree No. 42, Selected Examples of National Laws Governing Space Activities: Russian Federation,” 12 April 1996. 120 Futron Corporation, China and the Second Space Age, 15 October 2003, online: www.futron.com/ pdf/resource_center/white_papers/China_White_paper.pdf. 121 Craig Covault, “Resolution Revolution,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 17 September 2007 at 30. 122 MDA, “RadarSat2,” online: www.radarsat2.info/about/mediakit/backgrounder_R2.pdf; Canadian Department of National Defence, “Polar Epsilon to assert Canada’s Arctic sovereignty,” 10 January 2008, online: www.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=2547. 123 German Aerospace Center, “TerraSAR-X goes into operation,” 9 January 2008, online: www.dlr. de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4219/6774_read-11191; Aviation Week & Space Technology, “News Breaks: Russia,” 16 April 2007 at 24; J. Herrmann, N. Faller, M. Weber and A. Kern, “Infoterra GmbH Initiates Commercial Exploitation of TerraSar-X,” Inforterra GmbH, c. 2005, online: www.gisdevelopment.net/technology/sar/me05_062pf.htm. 124 Andrew Chuter, “New UK Milsat Follows Pattern of Private Ownership Defense Services,” Defense News, 21 May 2007 at 16. 125 CBC News, “Federal government blocks sale of MDA space division,” 10 April 2008, online: www.cbc.ca/money/story/2008/04/10/mdablock.html. 126 Missile Technology Control Regime (2011), online: www.mtcr.info/english. 127 Steven Pifer, “e U.S. and Russia: Space Cooperation and Export Controls,” Testimony before the House Science Committee, Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, 11 June 2003, online: www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2003/21487.htm. 128 Ocial Journal of the European Communities, “Council Regulation (EC) No 2432/2001 of 20 November 2001 amending and updating Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports of dual-use items and technology,” 20 December 2001; Department of Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada, “Denitions for Terms in Groups 1 and 2,” 21 July 2010, online: www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/trade/eicb/military/gr1-2-en.asp?#spac; Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Export Control of Missiles and Missile-related Items and Technologies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, August 2002, online: http://cns.miis.edu/ research/china/chiexp/misreg.htm; Seema Galut and Anupam Srivastava, “Nonproliferation Export Controls in India,” Center for International Trade and Security, June 2005, online: www.uga.edu/cits/documents/pdf/EXEC%20SUMMARY%2020050616.pdf. 129 United States House of Representatives, “Report of the Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China,” 25 May 1999, online: www.house.gov/coxreport. 130 Satellite Today, “ITAR Dilemma: nding the balance between regulation and prot,” 1 July 2008, online: www.satellitetoday.com/via/features/23649.html. 131 Peter B. de Selding, “China Launches Communications Satellite,” Space.com, 6 July 2007, online: www.space.com/missionlaunches/070706_chinasat6b_lnch.html. 132 e White House, “U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy,” Fact Sheet, 13 May 2003, online: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030513-8.html; Space News, “Business Report,” 27 May 2003. 133 Peter B. de Selding, “France Reviews Spot Imagery Policy,” Space News, 19 October 2001. 134 K.S. Jayaraman, “Russia Wants Access to Indian Satellite Imagery Market,” Space News, 27 January 2003. 135 John C. Baker, Ray A. Williamson and Kevin M. O’Connell, Commercial Observation Satellites– At the Leading Edge of Global Transparency (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2001) at 431; Parliament of Canada, “Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Aairs, Issue 21 – Evidence – November 22 meeting,” 22 November 2005, online: www.parl.gc.ca/38/1/parlbus/ commbus/senate/Com-e/fore-e/21eva-e.htm?Languag. Bill C-25 fullls Canada’s international and bilateral obligations to regulate the remote sensing space activities of its nationals, as required pursuant to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 2000 Canada-U.S. Intergovernmental Agreement concerning the operation of commercial remote sensing satellite systems.
136 Richard DalBello, interview with author, June 2009. 137 Patrick Chisholm, “Buying Time: Disconnects in Satcom Procurement,” Military Information Technology, 29 November 2003, online: www.military-information-technology.com/article. cfm?DocID=285. 138 Bob Brewin, “Satellite Development Delays Cost DOD $1B,” FCW.com, 26 January 2007, online: www.fcw.com/article97492-01-26-07-Web. 139 David Cavossa, Satellite Industries Association Executive, cited in Jerome Bernard, “U.S. Using Space Supremacy to Wage Combat in Iraq, Afghanistan,” Defense News (23 June 2006), online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=1890797&C=airwar. 140 U.S. General Accounting Oce, Satellite Communications – Strategic Approach Needed for DOD’s Procurement of Commercial Satellite Bandwidth, GAO-04-206, December 2003; David Helfgott, “Satellite Communications Poised for Rebound,” SIGNAL, April 2004, online: www.afcea.org/ signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=90&print=yes. 141 European Space Agency Director General, Resolution on the European Space Policy, June 2007, at 9. 142 Information Oce of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, “China’s Space Activities in 2006,” People’s Daily Online, 12 October 2006, online: http://english.people.com.cn/200610/12/ eng20061012_311157.html. 143 David McGlade, “Commentary: Preserving the Orbital Environment,” Space News, 19 February 2007 at 27; Henry L. Stimson Center, “Space Security Program,” 2009, online: www.stimson.org/ space/?SN=WS200702131213. 144 Council of the European Union, “Council Conclusions concerning the revised draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities,” 11 October 2010, online: http://consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/ cmsUpload/st14455.en10.pdf. 145 Nancy Atkinson, “Senate’s New NASA Plan: Heavy Lift, Extra Shuttle Mission, Less Commercial and Tech Development,” Universe Today, 15 July 2010, online: www.universetoday.com/68674/ senates-new-nasa-plan-heavy-lift-extra-shuttle-mission-less-commericial-and-tech-development. 146 Frank Morring, Jr. and Michael A. Taverna, “Ripples: Uncertainty over NASA future extends to global industry,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 October 2010 at 36. 147 James Dean, “KSC role in launches not required in draft plan,” Florida Today, 26 May 2010. 148 Space Foundation, e Space Report 2010: Executive Summary at 7, online: www.thespacereport.org/ les/eSpaceReport2010_ExecSummary.pdf. 149 Despite the fact that the military is one of its biggest customers and COTS funding from the USG has fueled the development of its Falcon 9 vehicle, SpaceX remains a private commercial company. See www.spacex.com/company.php. 150 Marcia Dunn, “Company is rst to return spacecraft from orbit,” AP, 8 December 2010, online: http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101208/ap_on_sc_/us_sci_test_rocket; W. J. Hennigan, “SpaceX receives FAA certication for Dragon spacecraft,” e Los Angeles Times, 22 November 2010. 151 HSBC Bank, e Role of Export Credit, 16 March 2010, online: www.marinemoney.com/forums/ HK10/HKPresentations2010/Musso.pdf. 152 Michael A. Taverna, “Market Reboost: Export Financing, new apps reduce fear of satellite order drop,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 13 September 2010 at 25. 153 Owen D. Kurtin, “Export Credit Agency Financing and the MSS resurgence,” Satellite Today, 1 December 2010, online: www.satellitetoday.com/via/dollarsandsense/Export-Credit-Agency- Financing-and-the-MSS-Resurgence_35613.html. 154 Ibid. 155 Doug Messier, “Ocials Ponder Arianespace’s Future as Consortium Gears Up for Busy 2011,” Parabolic Arc, 4 January 2011, online: www.parabolicarc.com/2011/01/04/ocials-ponderarianespaces-future-consortium-gears-busy-2011. 156 Ibid. 157 Michael A. Taverna, “New Deal: Revamp of European launch setup could lead to upheaval at Arianespace,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 22 November 2010 at 37. Endnotes 209
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Page 191 and 192: 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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Page 195 and 196: 54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Cha
Page 197 and 198: 93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
Page 199 and 200: 135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
Page 209 and 210: 170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
Page 211 and 212: generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
Page 213 and 214: 13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217: 99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
Page 221 and 222: Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
Page 223 and 224: 43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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Page 227 and 228: 138 China State Council Information
Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
Page 231 and 232: 221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
Page 235 and 236: Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
Page 237 and 238: Programs of Interest,” Center for
Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
Page 245 and 246: 101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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