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Space Security 2011 224 290 Space News, “Delta 2 Lofts Italy’s Final Cosmo-SkyMed Satellite,” 15 November 2010 at 8. 291 Andy Nativi and Michael A. Taverna, “In Full Gear: Final launch driving more nations to eye use of Italy’s Cosmo-SkyMed SAR satellites,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 November 2010 at 48. 292 Turner Brinton, “NGA Awards ree Contracts for Radar Satellite Data,” Space News, 31 December 2009, online: www.spacenews.com/contracts/091231-nga-awards-three-contracts-forradar-satellite-data.html. 293 Peter B. de Selding, “French Spirale Satellites to Continue Missile-detection Test rough End of Year,” Space News, 21 June 2010, online: http://spacenews.com/military/100621-spirale-continuemissile-detection-test-mission.html. 294 Astrium-EADS, “Spirale: Keeping an eye on security,” online: www.astrium.eads.net/en/ media-library/spirale.html. 295 e French White Paper on defense and national security, June 2008, online: www.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/white_paper_press_kit.pdf. 296 Peter B. de Selding, “French Spirale Satellites to Continue Missile-detection Test rough End of Year,” Space News, 21 June 2010, online: http://spacenews.com/military/100621-spirale-continuemissile-detection-test-mission.html. 297 James Fergusson, “Canada’s place in space: New star in the northern sky,” Vanguard, July/August 2010, online: www.vanguardcanada.com/CanadaPlaceInSpaceFergusson. 298 Peter Kovessy, “Canadian celestial surveillance contracts seen as important reference account to future business with foreign governments,” Ottawa Business Journal, 2 June 2010, online: www.obj.ca/Canada---World/2010-06-02/article-1217327/Space-case/1. 299 Peter B. de Selding, “Canadian Radarsat Constellation To Get $374 Million Cash Infusion,” Space News, 26 August 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/earth_observation/082610canadianleader-endorses-radarsat-constellation.html. 300 David Pugliese, “Canada Turns to Russia for Help with Polar Satellite System,” Space News, 4 October 2010, online: http://spacenews.com/civil/101004-canada-turns-russia-polar-satellite.html. 301 Guennadi Kroupnik and Martin Hebert, “Polar Communications & Weather (PCW) Mission,” 6 December 2010, online: www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/.../PCW2010/SESSION_II-OVERVIEW_ OF_PCW_MISSION.ppt. 302 Louis Garand, Alexander P. Trushchenko, and Guennadi Kroupnik, Polar Communications & Weather (PCW) Mission, Environment Canada, July 2010, online: http://web2.sca.uqam.ca/~wgne/ DAOS/DAOS3_meeting/66_THORPEX_Garand_July_2010.pdf. Chapter Seven Endnotes 1 U.S. Department of Defense, “National Security Space Strategy–Unclassied Summary,” January 2011, online: www.defense.gov/home/features/2011/0111_nsss/docs/NationalSecuritySpace StrategyUnclassiedSummary_Jan2011.pdf. 2 For a comprehensive overview of non-oensive defenses in space, see Phillip J. Baines, “Prospects for ‘Non-Oensive’ Defenses in Space,” in Clay Moltz, ed., New Challenges in Missile Defense, Missile Proliferation, and Space Security, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Occasional Paper No. 12, August 2003 at 31-48. 3 Bruce deBlois, Richard Garwin, Scott Kemp, and Jeremy Marwell, “Space Weapons Crossing the U.S. Rubicon,” 29 International Security, Fall 2004 at 50-84. 4 Ibid. 5 President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee, “Satellite Taskforce Report, Fact Sheet,” National Communications Systems, February 2004, online: www.ncs.gov/ nstac/reports/2004/Satellite%20Task%20Force%20Fact%20Sheet%20(March%202004).pdf; eresa Hitchens, e-mail communication, 17 March 2005. 6 EADS-Astrium UK, e-mail communication, December 2004. 7 U.S. General Accounting Oce, Critical Infrastructure Protection: Commercial Satellite Security Should Be More Fully Addressed, Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Permanent
Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Aairs, U.S. Senate, GAO-02-781, August 2002, online: www.gao.gov/new.items/d02781.pdf. 8 M. R. Frater and M. Ryan, Electronic Warfare for the Digitized Battleeld (Boston: Artech House, 2001). e discussion of electronic warfare in this chapter was largely drawn from the approach provided in this book. See also U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, “Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and TEMPEST Protection for Facilities, Engineering and Design,” Pamphlet EP 1110-3-2, December 1990; W. E. Burrows, Deep Black Space Espionage and National Security (New York: Random House, 1986) at 182; Roohi Banu, Tanya Vladimirova, and Martin Sweeting, “On-Board Encryption in Satellites,” paper presented at 2005 Military and Aerospace Programmable Logic Devices (MAPLD) International Conference, Washington, DC, 7-9 September 2005, abstract online: http://klabs.org/mapld05/abstracts/184_banu_a.html; Eric Swankoski and Vijaykrishnan Narayanan, “Dynamic High-Performance Multi-Mode Architectures for AES Encryption,” paper presented at 2005 MAPLD International Conference, Washington, DC, 7-9 September 2005, abstract online: http://klabs.org/mapld05/abstracts/103_swankoski_a.html. 9 M.R. Frater and M. Ryan, Electronic Warfare for the Digitized Battleeld (Boston: Artech House, 2001). 10 Don J. Hinshilwood and Robert B. Dybdal, “Adaptive Nulling Antennas for Military Communications,” Crosslink, Winter 2001/2002, online: www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/ winter2002/05.html; Mark Wade, “Milstar,” Encyclopedia Astronautica, c. 2007, online: www.astronautix.com/craft/milstar.htm. 11 U.S. Department of Defense, Fiscal Year 2006/2007 Budget Estimates. Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) Descriptive Summaries, Volume I: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, February 2005 at 423, online: www.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2006/DARPA/0603768E.pdf; Maj. Earl Odom, “Future Missions for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Exploring Outside the Box,” Aerospace Power Journal, Summer 2002; Lt. Col. Gregory Vansuch, “Navigation & Guidance,” DARPA Special Projects Oce, Presentation at DARPATECH 2002; David C. Hardesty, “Spacebased Weapons: Long-Term Strategic Implications and Alternatives,” Naval War College Review, Spring 2005 at 8. 12 e U.S. is developing the TSAT program described in the section on Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations. See Michael Fabey, “Air Force Approach Raises Questions about TSAT Capability and Cost,” Aerospace Daily and Defense Report, 18 December 2006, online: www. aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aerospacedaily&id=news/TSAT12186.xml. e German company Tesat Spacecom has a laser communications terminal that is being tested on the U.S. Missile Defense Agency’s NFIRE satellite. See Aviation Week and Space Technology, “NFIRE testing laser comms,” 5 November 2007. France’s Astrium Satellites and its subsidiary Tesat Spacecom in Germany launched a civil-military laser communications program in 2007. See Peter B. de Selding, “European Firms Launched Dual-Use Sat Laser Project,” Defense News, 8 October 2007. 13 U.S. Department of Defense, “Cyber Command achieves full operational capability,” 3 November 2010, online: www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14030. 14 China Daily, “China to Launch its First Anti-Jamming Satellite Next Year,” 4 March 2004. 15 Xinhua, “China Enhances Spacecraft Monitoring Network,” 12 December 2006, online: http://news3.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/12/content_5473204.htm; Zhour Honghsun and Liu Wubing, “Status Quo and Assumption of China’s Space Satellite Monitoring,” China Communications, June 2006 at 123. 16 U.S. Department of Defense, “Cyber Command achieves full operational capability,” 3 November 2010, online: www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14030. 17 Jeremy Hsu, “U.S. Cyber Command now fully online, and seeking a few good geeks,” Popsci, 5 October 2010, online: www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-10/us-cybercommand-now-online-and-seeking-few-good-geeks. 18 Larry Seltzer, “US Cyber Command seeks to operate against enemies anywhere,” Security Watch, 7 November 2010, online: http://blogs.pcmag.com/securitywatch/2010/11/us_cyber_command_ seeks_to_oper.php. 19 Ellen Nakashima, “Pentagon’s Cyber Command seeks authority to expand its battleeld,” e Washington Post, 6 November 2010, online: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2010/11/05/AR2010110507304.html. Endnotes 225
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Space Security Working Group Meetin
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Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
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Article II Outer space, including t
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Article XI In order to promote inte
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Spacecraft Launched in 2010 COSPAR
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COSPAR Launch Date 2010- 041B 2010-
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