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Space Security 2011 210 158 Ibid. 159 Ibid. 160 Doug Messier, “New Docking Standard Paves Way for New Vehicles to Dock with ISS,” Parabolic Arc, 21 October 2010, online: www.parabolicarc.com/2010/10/21/docking-standard-pavesvehicles-dock-iss. 161 Jason Rhian, “Standard ISS Docking Port Approved,” Examiner.com, 22 October 2010, online: www.examiner.com/nasa-in-national/standard-iss-docking-port-approved. 162 e International Docking Standard is available at www.internationaldockingstandard.com. 163 Doug Messier, “New Docking Standard Paves Way for New Vehicles to Dock with ISS,” Parabolic Arc, 21 October 2010, online: www.parabolicarc.com/2010/10/21/docking-standard-pavesvehicles-dock-iss. 164 Frank Morring, Jr., “Public Parameters: Station partners publish interface standards, making spacecraft docking open to all,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 25 October 2010 at 34; International Docking System Standard (IDSS) Interface Denition Document at 5. 165 Satellite Spotlight, “Cisco completes testing of IRIS satellite router for the U.S. government,” 9 August 2010, online: http://satellite.tmcnet.com/topics/satellite/articles/94577-cisco-completestesting-iris-satellite-router-us-govt.htm. 166 Mike Florio, David Hotop, Steven Groves, Kirk Davis, and Rich Farrell, “Connecting the force from space: the IRIS Joint Capability Technology Demonstration,” Army Space Journal, 2010 Summer Edition, online: www.armyspace.army.mil/Pic_Archive/ASJ_PDFs/ASJ_VOL_9_ NO_2_014.pdf. 167 Hosted Payloads, “IRIS JCTD,” 25 April 2011, online: www.hostedpayload.com/ppt/iris-jctd. 168 Satellite Spotlight, “Cisco completes testing of IRIS satellite router for the U.S. government,” 9 August 2010, online: http://satellite.tmcnet.com/topics/satellite/articles/94577-cisco-completestesting-iris-satellite-router-us-govt.htm. 169 Sharon J. Watson, “Cloud-Based Single Sign-On Identity Federation Gateways Streamline Security, Access for BAE Systems to Trading Partner Apps,” Security Squared, 4 August 2010, online: www.securitysquared.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=1&tag=Cloud%20 Computing&limit=20. 170 mfrtech.com, “Exostar Raises the Bar for Aerospace & Defense Supply Chain Collaboration with Launch of SCP 2,” 14 October 2010, online: www.mfrtech.com/articles/5671.html. 171 Aerospace Industries Association, Executive Report: A Quarterly Digest from the Aerospace Industries Association, 4th Quarter 2010, at 3, online: www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/aia_er_4q10.pdf. 172 Ibid. 173 Graham Warwick, “Silver Lining,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1 November 2010 at 76-78. 174 Cisco Industry Solutions, “Using Satellite to Extend IP Access,” online: www.cisco.com/web/ strategy/government/space-routing.html. 175 Ibid. 176 NATO C3 Agency, “NC3A to Assess Internet Routing in Space,” 21 January 2010, online: www.nc3a.nato.int/news/Pages/20100801-Internet-Routing.aspx. 177 Debra Werner, “Integrated Battlespace/ISR: Cisco seeing solid early demand for IRIS service,” Space News, 6 December 2010 at 11. 178 Trupti Kamath, “Cisco Completes Testing of IRIS Satellite Router for U.S. Govt.,” Satellite Spotlight, 9 August 2010, online: http://satellite.tmcnet.com/topics/satellite/articles/94577-ciscocompletes-testing-iris-satellite-router-us-govt.htm; Debra Werner, “Integrated Battlespace/ISR: Cisco seeing solid early demand for IRIS service,” Space News, 6 December 2010 at 11.
Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 2 Ibid. 3 U.S. Department of Defense, “Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request,” February 2011, online: http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Weapons.pdf. 4 Peter L. Hays, “National Security Space Actors and Issues,” in Eligar Sadeh, ed., e Politics of Space: A Survey (Routledge, 2009). 5 Ibid. 6 Bob Brewin, “Budget boosts spending on Defense communications,” NextGov, 7 May 2009, online: www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20090507_4020.php. 7 Defense Industry Daily, “Special Report: e USA’s Transformational Communications Satellite System (TSAT),” 30 October 2008, online: www.defenseindustrydaily.com/special-report-theusas-transformational-communications-satellite-system-tsat-0866. 8 Tony Capaccio, “Air Force Satellite Contract Is Delayed, Young Says,” Bloomberg.com, 22 September 2008, online: www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJ8ISm.IdxvA. 9 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 10 U.S. Department of Defense, “Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request,” February 2011, online: http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Weapons.pdf. 11 Fernand Verger, Isabelle Sourbès-Verger and Raymond Ghirardi, e Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) at 344. 12 Turner Brinton, “House and Senate at Odds over SBIRS Follow-On System,” Spacenews.com, 2 October 2009, online: www.spacenews.com/civil/house-and-senate-odds-over-sbirs-follow-onsystem.html. 13 To date the SBIRS program has triggered four reports to Congress under the Nunn-McCurdy Act; the program breached its cost estimates by 25 per cent in 2001, by 15 per cent in 2004, and by 25 per cent twice during 2005. Sam Black, “Fact Sheet on Space Based Infrared System,” Center for Defense Information, 16 October 2007, online: www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion. cfm?documentID=4122; Report of the Defense Science Board/Air Force Scientic Advisory Board Joint Task Force on Acquisition of National Security Space Programs (Washington, DC: Defense Science Board, May 2003) at 6; U.S. Government Accountability Oce, Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Major Weapon Programs, Report to Congressional Committees, March 2008 at 101-2; Tonya Racasner, “ird Generation Infrared Program Team Wins AF Space Command’s Agile Acquisition Transformation Leadership Award,” Los Angeles Air Force Base, 14 March 2008, online: www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123090312. 14 All information from Fernand Verger, Isabelle Sourbès-Verger and Raymond Ghirardi, e Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space, at 336-338. 15 e International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 2008 (London: Routledge, 2008) at 29. 16 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. ere are at least two NRO launch classied satellites that are believed to be used for either radar imagery intelligence or signals intelligence. 17 Philip Taubman, “In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids,” e New York Times, 11 November 2007. 18 Mark Mazzetti, “Spy Director Ends Program on Satellites,” e New York Times, 22 June 2007. 19 Ben Iannotta, “$408 Million ORS Budget to Have Broad-Based Focus,” Space News, 17 August 2007. 20 Robert K. Ackerman, “Small Satellite Oers Glimpse of the Future,” Signal Magazine, January 2004; Gunter Dirk Krebs, “TacSat 1,” Gunter’s Space Page, 1 January 2005, online: http://space.skyrocket.de/index_frame.htm?http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tacsat-1.htm. Endnotes 211
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
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Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
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Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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