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Space Security 2011 212 21 M. Hurley, “Tactical Microsatellite Experiment (TacSat 1),” Navy Research Laboratory, 2004, online: www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=04REVIEW207. 22 NASA, “TacSat-3 Information,” 19 May 2009, online: www.nasa.gov/centers/wallops/missions/ tacsat3.html. 23 Air Force Space Command, “Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle,” online: www.afspc.af.mil/ library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3643; Anthony Young, “Heavy Lifting for the New Millennium,” e Space Review, 26 April 2004. 24 NATO, Weapons in Space and Global Security, Report of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly Sub- Committee on the Proliferation of Military Technology, 156 STCMT 03 E, 2003 at 5. 25 RIA Novosti, “Russia to orbit 7 new GLONASS satellites in 2010,” 6 April 2010, online: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100406/158456450.html. 26 Interfax, “No More Reductions of Russian Satellite Fleet Planned,” 14 July 2004. 27 RIA Novosti, “Russia’s Space Defenses Stage a Revival,” 4 October 2006, online: http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20061004/54509604-print.html. 28 Federation of American Scientists, “Russia and Communications Satellite Systems,” c. 1997, online: www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/comm/index.html. 29 Information from Pavel Podvig, “Russia and the Military Use of Space,” in Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2008). 30 Stephen Clark, “Russia launches relay craft, commemorative satellites,” Spaceight Now, 23 May 2008, online: www.spaceightnow.com/news/n0805/23rockot. 31 Chris Bergin, “Russian Rockot launches with Gonets-M and two Kosmos satellites,” NASA Spaceight, 7 September 2010, online: www.nasaspaceight.com/2010/09/russian-rockot-launchvehicle-gonets-m-satellite-to-orbit. 32 BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, “Russian Space Conference Looks at Problems and Challenges,” redOrbit.com, 25 November 2005, online: www.redorbit.com/news/space/302983/ russian_space_conference_looks_at_problems_challenges/index.html. 33 Union of Concerned Scientists, “UCS Satellite Database,” 2011, online: www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_ weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html. 34 Pavel Podvig, “History and the Current Status of the Russian Early Warning System,” 10 Science and Global Security, 2002 at 21-60; Pavel Podvig, “Early Warning,” Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, 9 February 2009, online: http://russianforces.org/sprn. 35 Pavel Podvig, “Reducing the risk of an accidental launch,” 14 Science and Global Security, 2006 at 35. 36 Georey Forden, Pavel Podvig and eodor A. Postol, “False alarm, nuclear danger,” IEEE Spectrum, March 2000, online: www.armscontrol.ru/Start/publications/spectrum-ews.htm. 37 Fernand Verger, Isabelle Sourbès-Verger and Raymond Ghirardi, e Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space at 341. 38 e Lavochkin Science and Production Association agreed to build the Arkon-2 multirole radar satellite for the Federal Space Agency. It is designed to take high-resolution and medium-resolution photos for federal clients, and to use the information for national defense programs. Yuri Zatitsev, “Russia Developing New Space Radars,” RIA Novosti, 3 March 2005. 39 Pavel Podvig, “Russia and the Military Use of Space,” in Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2008). 40 Fernand Verger, Isabelle Sourbès-Verger and Raymond Ghirardi, e Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space at 319-323. 41 Pavel Felgenhauer, “Did GLONASS Failure Sink Ivanov’s Chance at the Presidency?” Eurasia Daily Monitor, 6 February 2008, online: www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id+2372780. 42 Tariq Malik, “Delta 4 Heavy Rocket Launches Huge U.S. Spy Satellite,” Space News, 29 November 2010 at 14.
43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V launches with classied NROL-41,” NSAS Spaceight, 20 September 2010, online: www.nasaspaceight.com/2010/09/live-ula-atlas-v-set-to-launch-withnrol-41. 44 Tariq Malik, “Delta 4 Heavy Rocket Launches Huge U.S. Spy Satellite,” Space News, 29 November 2010 at 14. 45 Turner Brinton, “Goodrich Chosen to Build Spy Sat Optics,” Space News, 29 October 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/military/101029-goodrich-build-spy-sat-optics.html. 46 Turner Brinton, “NRO Taps Boeing for Next Batch of Cubesats,” Space News, 8 April 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/military/100408-nro-taps-boeing-next-cubesats.html. 47 Ibid. 48 Turner Brinton, “Microcosm Designing Low-Cost Imagery Satellite for Army, Working on Launch Vehicle,” Space News, 12 March 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/military/100312-microcosmdesigning-low-cost-imagery-sate.html. 49 Ibid. 50 Warren Ferster, “NGA Awards Big Satellite Imagery Contracts,” Space News, 6 August 2010, online: www.spacenews.com/earth_observation/100806-NGA-awards-imagery-contracts.html. 51 Space Daily, “GeoEye wins National Geospation-Intelligence Agency Enhaced View Award,” 10 August 2010, online: www.spacedaily.com/reports/GeoEye_Wins_National_Geospatial_ Intelligence_Agency_Enhanced_View_Award_999.html. 52 Stephen Clark, “U.S. military space plane nearing end of design life,” Spaceight Now, 23 November 2010, online: www.spaceightnow.com/news/n1011/23x37bupdate. 53 Associated Press, “Unmanned US spacecraft returns after 7-month trip,” 3 December 2010, online: http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101203/ap_on_re_us/us_mystery_spacecraft. 54 U.S. Air Force, “X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle,” 21 May 2010), online: www.af.mil/information/ factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16639. 55 Michael Klesius, “Space Shuttle Jr.,” Air & Space Magazine, 1 January 2010, online: www. airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Space-Shuttle-Jr.html. 56 David Wright and Laura Grego, “Space Plane: Technology In Search of a Mission? (Part 1),” All ings Nuclear, 1 June 2010, online: http://allthingsnuclear.org/post/653648499/space-planetechnology-in-search-of-a-mission-part. 57 U.S. Department of Defense, Investment and Acquisition Strategy for Commercial Satellite Capabilities Report, 3 June 2010, at 13. 58 Barry Rosenberg, “DOD’s reliance on commercial satellites hits new zenith,” 3 March 2010, online: http://washingtontechnology.com/articles/2010/03/11/cover-story-the-satcom-challenge.aspx. 59 Ibid. 60 Amy Butler, “Slow Burn: USAF assesses root cause of AEHF thruster failure,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6 September 2010 at 34-35. 61 Amy Butler, “Brain rust: As AEHF01 sputters toward GEO, USAD says space vehicle problem not likely to recur,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 22 November 2010 at 36. 62 Tony Capaccio, “Air Force, Lockheed Negotiating Satellite Failure Cost,” Bloomberg, 15 February 2011, online: www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-15/air-force-lockheed-negotiating-over-satellitefailure-cost.html. 63 “Preventing another AEHF Anomaly,” Air Force Magazine, 16 February 2011, online: www. airforce-magazine.com/DRArchive/Pages/2011/February%202011/February%2016%202011/ PreventingAnotherAEHFAnomaly.aspx. 64 Amy Butler, “Brain rust: As AEHF01 sputters toward GEO, USAD says space vehicle problem not likely to recur,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 22 November 2010 at 36. 65 Justin Ray, “First milestone reached on AEHF 1’s long road to orbit,” Spaceight Now, 5 September 2010, online: www.spaceightnow.com/atlas/av019/100905phase1.html. 66 Justin Ray, “Main engine probably not to blame for AEHF 1 trouble,” Spaceight Now, 19 October 2010, online: www.spaceightnow.com/atlas/av019/101019aehf2.html. Endnotes 213
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Page 191 and 192: 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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Page 197 and 198: 93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
Page 199 and 200: 135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
Page 209 and 210: 170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
Page 211 and 212: generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
Page 213 and 214: 13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217 and 218: 99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
Page 219 and 220: 136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Page 227 and 228: 138 China State Council Information
Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
Page 231 and 232: 221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Page 237 and 238: Programs of Interest,” Center for
Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
Page 245 and 246: 101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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