Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 PAGE 76 Chapter 4 – Civil Space Programs: this indicator examines the civil space sector comprised of organizations engaged in the exploration of space or scientific research related to space, for non-commercial and non-military purposes as well as space-based global utilities provided by civil, military, or commercial actors. Trend 4.1: Growth in the number of actors accessing space Trend 4.2: Civil space programs continue to prioritize scientific missions and exploration Trend 4.3: Steady growth in international cooperation in civil space programs Trend 4.4: Continued growth in global utilities as states seek to expand applications and accessibility PAGE 97 Chapter 5 — Commercial Space: this indicator examines the commercial space sector, including the builders and users of space hardware and space information technologies. It also examines the sector’s relationship with governments and militaries. Trend 5.1: The global commercial space industry continues to experience overall growth, but seeks creative solutions to oset probable future downturn Trend 5.2: Commercial sector supporting increased access to space products and services Trend 5.3: Continued government dependency on the commercial space sector develops interactions between public and private sectors Trend 5.4: Commercial space operators gradually embrace cyberspace capabilities PAGE 114 Chapter 6 – Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations: this indicator examines the research, development, testing, and deployment of space systems that aim to advance terrestrial based military operations, such as communications, intelligence, navigation, and early warning. Trend 6.1: The U.S. and Russia continue to lead in deploying military space systems Trend 6.2: China and India aord increasing roles to space-based military support Trend 6.3 More states are developing military and multiuse space capabilities PAGE 137 Chapter 7 – Space Systems Resiliency: this indicator examines the research, development, testing, and deployment of capabilities to better protect space systems from potential negation efforts. Trend 7.1: Eorts to protect satellite communications links increase, but ground stations remain vulnerable Trend 7.2: Protection of satellites against direct attacks limited but improving Trend 7.3: Eorts under way to develop capacity to rapidly rebuild space systems following direct attacks, but operational capabilities remain limited
PAGE 149 Chapter 8 – Space Systems Negation: this indicator examines the research, development, testing, and deployment of capabilities designed to negate the capabilities of space systems from Earth or from space. Trend 8.1: Increasing capabilities to attack space communications links Trend 8.2: Ongoing proliferation of ground-based capabilities to attack satellites Trend 8.3: Increased access to space-based negation-enabling capabilities PAGE 161 Annex 1: Space Security Working Group Expert Participation PAGE 163 Annex 2: Types of Earth Orbits PAGE 164 Annex 3: Outer Space Treaty PAGE 169 Annex 4: Spacecraft Launched in 2010 PAGE 173 Endnotes Table of Contents
Page 1: SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
Page 4 and 5: Library and Archives Canada Catalog
Page 7: PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
Page 12 and 13: Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
Page 14 and 15: Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
Page 17 and 18: Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
Page 19 and 20: of the three preceding years, in al
Page 21 and 22: The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
Page 23 and 24: 2010 Developments: • Internationa
Page 25 and 26: 2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
Page 27 and 28: Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
Page 29 and 30: 2010 Developments: • Satellite na
Page 31 and 32: eyond the ISS partners, without sac
Page 33 and 34: 2010 Developments: • Japan launch
Page 35 and 36: Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
Page 37 and 38: The Space Environment is chapter as
Page 39 and 40: of which fewer than 5 per cent are
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
Page 45 and 46: (German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
Page 47 and 48: approximately six weeks later. NASA
Page 49 and 50: Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
Page 51 and 52: etransmits the programming to cable
Page 53 and 54: order of years or decades, there ar
Page 55 and 56: help increase the transparency and
Page 57 and 58: e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Space Security Working Group Meetin
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Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
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Article II Outer space, including t
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Article XI In order to promote inte
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Spacecraft Launched in 2010 COSPAR
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COSPAR Launch Date 2010- 041B 2010-
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Chapter One Endnotes 1 D. Wright,
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51 Council of the European Union, d
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97 Joel D. Scheraga, “Establishin
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21 Vandenberg Air Force Base, “Va
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69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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13 United Nations Oce for Outer Spa
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54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Cha
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93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
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135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
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3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
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50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
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88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
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131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
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generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
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13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
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55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
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99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
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136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
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43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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AW_04_19_2010_p35-219773.xml&headli
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138 China State Council Information
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176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
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265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
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Programs of Interest,” Center for
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87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
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36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
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krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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