Space Security Index

87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatellite completes rst ight,” Global Security, 14 January 2011,
online: www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/news/2011/space-110114-arnews01.htm.
88 Ibid.
89 Daniel Parry, “NRL launches nano-satellite experimental platforms,” Global Security, 17 December
2010, online: www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/news/2010/space-101217-nns01.htm.
Chapter Eight Endnotes
1 United States Air Force, Counterspace Operations: Air Force Doctrine Document 2-2.1, Defense
Technical Information Center, 2 August 2004, online: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_
pubs/afdd2_2_1.pdf.
2 Ibid. at 3. Negation of space systems is called “oensive counterspace” in current USAF terminology
and includes the ‘Five Ds’ mission. Counterspace Operations represents the views of the USAF and
not necessarily those of the U.S. Government.
3 e Van Allen belts are two rings of highly energetic protons trapped by the Earth’s magnetic eld.
e lower belt is situated between 1,000 and 5,000 km about the equator. e second is situated
between 15,000 and 25,000 km above the equator. David Stern, “Radiation Belts,” NASA, 25
November 2001, online: www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/Iradbelt.html. See also Alan Isaacs, ed.,
“Van Allen Belts” in A Dictionary of Physics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
4 Robert Butterworth, “Assuring Space Support Despite ASATs,” George C. Marshall Institute Policy
Outlook, January 2008 at 1.
5 Bruce DeBlois et al., “Space Weapons: Crossing the US Rubicon,” 20 International Security, Fall
2004 at 66.
6 Capt. Angie Blair, Air Force Spokesperson quoted in Jim Wolf, “U.S. Deploys Satellite Jamming
System,” Reuters, 29 October 2004, online: www.signonsandiego.com/news/military/20041029-
1531-arms-satellite-usa.html.
7 Jeremy Singer, “U.S. Air Force To Upgrade Satcom Jamming System,” Space News, 22 February
2007.
8 Center for Defense Information, “Air Force Deploying Two Satellite Jamming Squadrons,” Space
Security Updates, 2 April 2007, online: www.cdi.org/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID
=3909&IssueID=140&StartRow=11&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=DateLastUpdated
&ProgramID=68&issueID=140#2; Jeremy Singer, “U.S. Air Force to Upgrade Satcom Jamming
System,” Space News, 22 February 2007.
9 U.S. Department of Defense, “National Security Space Strategy–Unclassied Summary,” January
2011, online: www.defense.gov/home/features/2011/0111_nsss/docs/NationalSecuritySpace
StrategyUnclassiedSummary_Jan2011.pdf.
10 “Space Control Technology,” Unclassied RDT&E Budget Item Justication, Exhibit R-2,
Project Element 0603438F, Defense Technical Information Center, February 2004 at 3, online:
www.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2005/AirForce/0603438F.pdf.
11 Ibid. at 1.
12 U.S. Oce of Science and Technology Policy, “U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and
Timing Policy,” 15 December 2004, online: www.ostp.gov/html/FactSheetSPACE-BASED
POSITIONINGNAVIGATIONTIMING.pdf.
13 Peter de Selding, “Libya Pinpointed as Source of Months-Long Satellite Jamming in 2006,” Space
News, 9 April 2007, online: www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html.
14 Alan Cameron, “Perspectives–June 2008,” GPS World, 24 June 2008, online: http://sidt.gpsworld.
com/gpssidt/Latest+News/National-Space-Symposium-Day-3-OCX-and-GPS-III/ArticleStandard/
Article/detail/525875.
15 Frank Vizard, “Safeguarding GPS,” Scientic American, 14 April 2003).
16 Broadcasting from the U.K. and Belgium, Med-TV was a satellite network operated by Kurdish
exiles. Beginning in 1995 it experienced several interruptions in service, blamed on a jamming
signal originating in Turkey, before its closure in 1999; see BBC News, “World: Middle East
Endnotes
229