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Space Security 2011 186 75 Statement by Ambassador Laura E. Kennedy to the 65th Session of the General Assembly – Delivered in the Debate on Outer Space (Disarmament Aspects), New York, 22 October 2010, online: www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/1com/1com10/statements/25Oct_US. 76 United Nations General Assembly, Transparency and condence-building measures in outer space activities, A/Res/65/68, 8 December 2010. 77 Ibid. 78 Cesar Jaramillo, “New Competition for a Space Security Regime,” e Ploughshares Monitor, Vol. 31, Issue 2, Summer 2010, at 4, online: http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/Monitor%20 June%202010/Summer2010%20monitor.pdf. 79 European External Access Service, “Council Conclusions concerning the revised draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities,” 11 October 2010, online: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ uedocs/cmsUpload/st14455.en10.pdf. 80 Pedro Serrano, “Subject: Draft Code on Space Activities,” Statement by Ambassador Pedro Serrano for UNIDIR Seminar Space Security: Next Step in TCBM’s, New York, 14 October 2010, online: www.unidir.ch/pdf/conferences/pdf-conf772.pdf. 81 Julian Hale, “EU Eyes Signatories on Space Code of Conduct,” Defence News, 5 October 2010, online: www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4845363. 82 Frank A. Rose, “e U.S. National Space Policy, International Cooperation and the Pursuit of TCBMs,” Statement by Frank A. Rose, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Arms Control, Verication and Compliance at the UNIDIR Conference, Space Security: Next Steps in TCBMs, New York City, 14 October 2010, online: http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/10/15/the-u-snational-space-policy-international-cooperation-and-the-pursuit-of-tcbms. 83 Space Politics, “Coming Soon a US Decision on Supporting a Space Code of Conduct,” 3 December 2010, online: www.spacepolitics.com/2010/12/03/coming-soon-a-us-decision-on-supporting-aspace-code-of-conduct. 84 Cesar Jaramillo, “New Competition for a Space Security Regime,” e Ploughshares Monitor, Vol. 31, Issue 2, Summer 2010, at 4, online: http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/Monitor%20 June%202010/Summer2010%20monitor.pdf. 85 United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, A/60/20, 2005. 86 See Working Paper on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, submitted by the Mongolian People’s Republic to the Committee on Disarmament, CD/272, 5 April 1982. 87 United Nations General Assembly, Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, A/RES/40/87, 12 December 1985. See also Mandate for the Ad Hoc Committee under item 5 of the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament entitled Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, CD/1059, 14 February 1991 and previous documents under the same title. 88 ese recommendations included improved registration and notication of information, the elaboration of a code of conduct or of rules of the road as a way to reduce the threat of possible incidents in space, the establishment of “keep-out zones” around spacecraft, the elaboration of an agreement dealing with the international transfer of missile technology and other sensitive technology, and widening the protection oered to certain satellite systems under U.S.-USSR/Russia arms control agreements. 89 Reaching Critical Will, “Pakistan Explains to Conference on Disarmament the Rationale behind its Position on a Fissile Material Cut-O Treaty,” 18 February 2010, online: www.reachingcriticalwill. org/political/cd/2010/press/part1/18February.html. 90 Jonathan Lynn, “Pakistan blocks agenda at U.N. disarmament conference,” Reuters, 19 January 2010, online: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60I26U20100119; Eric Auner, “Pakistan Raises New Issues at Stalled CD,” Arms Control Association, March 2010, online: www. armscontrol.org/act/2010_03/CDStalled. 91 United Nations Oce at Geneva, “Conference on Disarmament Discusses Draft Programme of Work,,” 15 July 2010, online: www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/7021E AF6F93DD627C1257761003FBCAF?OpenDocument. 92 Nuclear reat Initiative, “Conference on Disarmament,” 10 December 2010, online: www.nti.org/e_research/ocial_docs/inventory/pdfs/cd.pdf.
93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnished Mission,” Institute for Strategic Studies Islamabad, Reections, No. 3, 2010, online: www.issi.org.pk/publication-les/1299054131_62808234.pdf. 94 Ray Acheson, “Editorial: Consensus versus Progress?” Reaching Critical Will, 2 November 2010, online: www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/1com/FCM10/nal.html. 95 CD/1899-Annex III of 14 September 2010 contains Amb. Soares' report, online: http:// daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/627/35/PDF/G1062735.pdf?OpenElement. 96 Ray Acheson, “High-Level Meeting on Revitalizing the CD Serves as Catalyst for Action,” Reaching Critical Will, 24 September 2010, online: www.reachingcriticalwill.org/political/cd/2010/reports. html#24sept. 97 Ashley Bander, “COPUOS and the Long-term Sustainability of Space Activities,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 17 June 2010, online: http://csis.org/blog/copuos-and-longterm-sustainability-space-activities. 98 United Nations Scientic and Technical Subcommittee of COPOUS, Forty-Seventh Session, “Report of the Scientic and Technical Subcommittee on its forty-seventh session, held in Vienna from 8 to 19 February 2010,” A/AC.105/958 at 27, online: www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ ac105/AC105_958E.pdf. 99 Space Travel, “South Africa to Establish Space Agency,” 21 January 2009, online: www.space-travel.com/reports/South_Africa_To_Establish_Space_Agency_999.html. 100 SouthAfrica.info, “South Africa launches space agency,” 10 December 2010, online: www.southafrica.info/about/science/space-101210.htm. 101 South African National Space Agency, “SANSA mandate and objectives,” 2011, online: www.sansa.org.za/mandate-and-objectives.aspx. 102 News24, “SA satellite nally lifts o,” 18 September 2009, online: www.news24.com/SciTech/ News/SA-satellite-nally-lifts-o-20090918. 103 Ibid. 104 Magharebia, “Algeria continues its space venture,” 14 December 2005, online: www.magharebia. com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2005/12/14/feature-01. 105 Ibid. 106 ASTRIUM, “Successful launch for ALSAT-2A,” 12 July 2010, online: www.astrium.eads.net/en/ news2/successful-launch-for-alsat-2a.html. 107 Allen Herbert, “Africa joins the space race,” Space Ref, 22 August 2009, online: www.spaceref.com/ news/viewnews.html?id=1347. 108 BBC News, “Nigerian satellite fails in space,” 13 November 2008, Online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/africa/7726951.stm. 109 Spacemart Daily, “Africa Establishes New Space Partnerships,” 22 December 2009, online: www.spacemart.com/reports/Africa_Establishes_New_Space_Partnerships_999.html. 110 Simon Adebola, “African Resource Management Satellite (ARMS) Constellation,” i initiative, 22 December 2009, online: http://iinitiative.wordpress.com/2009/12/21/african-resourcemanagement-satellite. 111 S.O. Mohammed, “Nigeria’s Space Programme,” Presentation to the Bengaluru Space Expo in Bengaluru, India, 25 August 2010, online: www.bsxindia.com/SO-Mohammed.pdf. 112 Naledi Pandor, Address by the Minister Naledi Pandor MP, at the launch of the South African National Space Agency and National Space Strategy, Midrand Conference Centre, 9 December 2010, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa, online: www.dst.gov. za/address-by-the-minister-naledi-pandor-mp-at-the-launch-of-the-south-african-national-spaceagency-and-national-space-strategy-midrand-conference-centre. 113 South African National Space Agency, Space 4 U, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 9 December 2010, online: www.sansa.org.za/Data/Sites/1/sansaenewslettervol1.pdf. 114 Abuja Declaration 2010 of the ird Conference of African Ministers in Charge of Communication and Information Technologies held from 3-7 August 2010 in Abuja, Nigeria, AU/CITMC-3/MIN/ Decl.III, August 2010, online: www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/12520. Endnotes 187
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217 and 218: 99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
Page 219 and 220: 136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Page 227 and 228: 138 China State Council Information
Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
Page 231 and 232: 221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
Page 245 and 246: 101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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