Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 200 190 GPS Daily, “China Starts to Build Own Satellite Navigation System,” 3 November 2006, online: www.gpsdaily.com/reports/China_Starts_To_Build_Own_Satellite_Navigation_ System_999.html. 191 K. S. Jayaraman, “India to Develop Regional Navigation System,” Space News, 22 May 2006. 192 Interagency GPS Executive Board, “Joint Announcement, Second Japan-US GPS Plenary Meeting, 2002,” 16 October 2002. 193 Asian Surveying and Mapping, “QZSS-1 in 2010,” 8 May 2009, online: www.asmmag.com/news/ qzss-1-in-2010. 194 Peter B. de Selding, “Disaster Response Imagery, but Distribution Still Tough,” Space News, 9 June 2008 at 14. 195 Jeremy Singer, “NOAA Chief Seeks International Sources for Hurricane Data,” Space News, 3 March 2008 at 13. 196 Jonathan’s Space Report, “Satellite Catalogue and Launch Catalogue,” 2010, online: http:// planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt. 197 WMO Space Programme, “Current Polar-Orbiting Satellites Coordinated within CGMS,” 25 November 2005. 198 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information,” Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), 5 May 2009, online: www.epa.gov/geoss/basic.html. 199 Group on Earth Observations, “About GEO,” 2011, online: www.earthobservations.org/about_geo. shtml. 200 Group on Earth Observations, “Declaration of the Earth Observation Summit,” 31 July 2003; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information,” Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). 201 Donald MacPhail, “Increasing the use of Earth observations in developing countries,” 25 Space Policy, 2009 at 6-8. 202 International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, “About the Charter,” 18 March 2009, online: www.disasterscharter.org. 203 International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, “Charter Members and Space Resources,” 17 April 2008, online: www.disasterscharter.org/participants_e.html. 204 DMC International Imaging (2009), online: www.dmcii.com/index.html. 205 Cospas-Sarsat Information Bulletin, February 2010, online: www.cospas-sarsat.org/images/stories/ SystemDocs/Current/bul22_feb2010_nal_smallsize.pdf. 206 Space.com, “Satellite Technology Helps Canada Patrol Waterways,” 4 May 2009, online: www.space.com/businesstechnology/090504-busmon-radarsat-ships.html; Christer Aasen, “Norway builds AIS satellite,” Norwegian Space Center, News Archives, 9 October 2008, online: www.spacecentre.no/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=51125. 207 ITAR-TASS, “Development of the GLONASS System is 15 Years,” 14 October 2010, online: www.itar-tass.com/level2.html?NewsID=15588252 (in Russian). 208 Alan Cameron, “GLONASS Up to Date and Out of State,” GPS World, 22 March 2010, online: www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/GLONASS/news/GLONASS-up-date-and-out-state-9710. 209 Richard B. Langley, “GLONASS Launch of ree Satellites Successful, Roscosmos Says,” GPS World, 2 September 2010, online: www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/glonass-launchthree-satellites-successful-roscosmos-says-10430. 210 Interfax, “By the End of 2010 GLONASS Will Become Global: Vice-Premier Ivanov,” 28 October 2010, online: www.militarynews.ru/fcl_l/anews.asp?id=253843 (in Russian); for information in English, see GlobalSecurity.org, “GLONASS,” 8 September 2010, online: www.globalsecurity.org/ space/world/russia/glonass.htm. 211 “e First GLONASS-K Satellite Will Be Launched in the End of 2010,” online: http://site.trust-e. ru/news/ID_7.html (in Russian); “First GLONASS-K satellite to be put into orbit in December,” 10 July 2010, online: www.russiandefenseblog.org/?p=1327 (in Russian). Information about the satellites and the postponed December 2010 launch can be found in A. Zak, “Russia orbits a new-
generation GPS bird,” Russian Space Web, 26 February 2011, online: www.russianspaceweb.com/ uragan_k.html. 212 GPS Daily, “Program Error Caused Russian Glonass Satellite Loss,” 7 December 2010, online: www.gpsdaily.com/reports/Program_Error_Caused_Russian_Glonass_Satellite_Loss_999.html. 213 Gleb Bryanski and omas Grove, “Russia space chief calls satellite crash ‘heavy loss,’” Reuters, 13 December 2010, online: www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BC4X020101213. 214 Interfax, “60 Billion Roubles Will Be Allocated for the Development of GLONASS: Vice-Premier,” 28 October 2010, online: www.militarynews.ru/fcl_l/news.asp?id=253832 (in Russian). 215 See, for example, e Moscow News, “GPS + GLONASS: Complementary Global Positioning System,” 9 December 2010, online: www.themoscownews.com/ infographics/20101209/188269269.html; IC Russia, “Russian GLONASS. A Rival to GPS?” 7 December 2010, online: www.russia-ic.com/business_law/in_depth/1227. 216 Inside GNSS, “China’s GNSS Program, Compass – Beidou 2, Launches New GEO Satellite,” 16 January 2010, online: www.insidegnss.com/node/1848. 217 Stephen Clark, “China sends Beidou navigation satellite to orbit,” Spaceight Now, 2 June 2010, online: http://spaceightnow.com/news/n1006/02longmarch. 218 Inside GNSS, “China Launches 5th Compass (Beidou-2) Navigation Satellite – First IGSO,” 1 August 2010, online: www.insidegnss.com/node/2211. 219 Rui C. Barbosa, “Chinese Long March 3C launches with BeiDou-2,” NASA Spaceight, 31 October 2010, online: www.nasaspaceight.com/2010/10/long-march-3c-launches-beidou-2. 220 Stephen Clark, “Chinese rocket sends navigation satellite to space,” Spaceight Now, 17 December 2010, online: www.spaceightnow.com/news/n1012/17beidou. 221 Xin Dingding, “China aiming to have its own GPS in place by 2012,” China Daily, 16 January 2010, online: www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-01/16/content_9330209.htm. 222 Первый спутник Квази-зенитной спутниковой системы будет запущен в августе, online: www.gisa.ru/64744.html (in Russian). 223 GPS Daily, “India Launches Satellite-Based Navigation System,” 13 August 2010, online: www.gpsdaily.com/reports/India_Launches_Satellite_Based_Navigation_System_999.html. 224 ASDNews, “Major Galileo Contracts Signed,” 28 January 2010, online: www.asdnews.com/ news/25762/Major_Galileo_Contracts_Signed.htm; Andrew Willis, “Galileo contracts give boost to delayed project,” euobserver.com, 1 January 2010, online: http://euobserver.com/9/29223/?rk=1. 225 Scott Pace, “e Strategic Signicance of Compass,” GPS World, 1 December 2010, online: www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/compass/expert-advice-the-strategic-signicance-compass-10826. 226 Gunter Dirk Krebs, “KOMPSat 5 (Arirang 5),” Gunter’s Space Page, online: www.skyrocket.de/ space/doc_sdat/kompsat-5.htm. 227 EO portal, “KOMPSAT-5 (Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-5) / Arirang-5,” online: http://events. eoportal.org/get_announce.php?an_id=10003204. 228 Satellite on the Net, “Launch Schedule 2011,” online: www.satelliteonthenet.co.uk/index.php/ launch-schedule. 229 Yunus Emre Arslantas, “Role of TÜBITAK for Recent Developments in the Field of Space in Turkey,” Presentation at the COPUOS Scientic & Technical Subcommittee session, 8 February 2011, online: http://unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2011/tech-07.pdf. 230 AFP, “Iran to launch new satellites soon: defence minister,” 21 November 2010, online: www.spacedaily.com/reports/Iran_to_launch_new_satellites_soon_defence_minister_999.html. 231 Ibid. 232 defenceWeb, “South Africa, Russia sign agreement on Earth observation,” 6 August 2010, online: www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?view=article&catid=35%3AAerospace&id=9203%3Asouthafrica-russia-sign-agreement-on-earth-observation&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default& page=&option=com_content&Itemid=107. 233 “Метеоr-М» will be launched together with ‘ZA-002 SumbandilaSat’ and other small spacecraft,” online: www.gisa.ru/55557.html (in Russian). Endnotes 201
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Page 191 and 192: 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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Page 197 and 198: 93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
Page 199 and 200: 135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
Page 201 and 202: 3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
Page 203 and 204: 50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
Page 205 and 206: 88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
Page 207 and 208: 131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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Page 213 and 214: 13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
Page 215 and 216: 55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
Page 217 and 218: 99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
Page 219 and 220: 136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Page 223 and 224: 43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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Page 227 and 228: 138 China State Council Information
Page 229 and 230: 176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
Page 231 and 232: 221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
Page 233 and 234: 265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Page 239 and 240: 87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
Page 241 and 242: 36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
Page 243 and 244: krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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