Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 160 2010 Development Complex rendezvous capabilities continue to be advanced Analysis of the orbital ight plans of two Chinese satellites — SJ-12, launched in June, and SJ-06F, launched in 2008, part of the Shijian series — suggests that, between June and August, 110 the satellites performed a robotic rendezvous. 111 Although the Chinese have not ocially commented on the incident, anomalies in the satellites’ orbits were reported in the Russian and Chinese media and eventually conrmed by the U.S. DOD. 112 e purpose of the maneuver remains unknown and there has been much speculation about its potential implications. Tracking data collected by the U.S. military shows that SJ-12 has performed multiple maneuvers since its launch in July. e rendezvous could be a test of space station procedures, but it also evinces the ability to approach and interfere with other satellites. 113 Former NASA engineer James Oberg said that “the silence here is suggestive of a military program.” 114 Another expert noted that the technical prole of the maneuver reduces the possibility of its being an ASAT test and suggested several possible goals, including satellite formation ying and demonstrated orbital rendezvous. 115 In October, two Swedish satellites spent days seven meters apart, as part of the Prisma mission to test new European technologies for formation ying in orbit. 116 e satellites, nicknamed Mango and Tango, were launched together on June 15 and separated in August to begin their 10-month rendezvous mission, run by the Swedish Space Corporation. 117 Clearly, the transparency with which these tests were conducted stands in stark contrast to the clandestine nature of the Chinese maneuvers and lessens concerns about the oensive use of the capability. 118 Researchers in Spain have developed an automated robotics system that uses computer vision technology and complex algorithms to enable unmanned space vehicles to track down, capture, and perform repairs on satellites in orbit. Designed to deal with “zombie” satellites in LEO, technology like the ASIROV Robotic Satellite Chaser Prototype could be used to create unmanned chaser vehicles for negation activities. 2010 Development Secrecy surrounds X-37B launch, raising questions about a precise mission and potential capabilities On 22 April, the U.S. Air Force launched the X-37B robotic space plane or Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV-1) aboard an Atlas V expendable launch system. ough most reputable sources do not consider the launch to be an oensive capability, several observers have voiced concerns that the X-37B could be a space superiority weapon of some kind. For more information, see Chapter 6. Space Security Impact e development of more technologies that allow space-based ASAT capability will force spacefaring nations to incorporate greater protection measures into their spacecraft and invest more in responsive situational awareness. Costs could go up for almost all satellites with any military value, including those funded by private industry. More ominously, the existence of space-to-space ASAT abilities might encourage the weaponization of space for defensive purposes. Fear of such developments could lead to adoption of norms of behavior governing oensive technologies. In some cases, such capabilities have actually fostered transparency; to allay suspicion, nations that are testing rendezvous capabilities freely disclose the nature of their activities.
Space Security Working Group Meeting McGill University Faculty of Law Montreal, Quebec, Canada 8-9 April 2011 Participants Timiebi Aganaba Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Eva Bernhardsdotter Swedish Defense Research Agency Jean-Marc Chouinard Canadian Space Agency Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Bertrand de Montluc Institute d’Études Politiques de Paris Laura Delgado Space Policy Institute, George Washington University Paul Dempsey Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Karl Doetsch Doetsch International Space Consultants Catherine Doldirina Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Macha Ejova Euroconsult North America Peter Hays Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies (US) Diane Howard Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares Li Juqian China University of Political Science Annex 1 ANNEX 1: Expert Participation 161
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
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PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
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PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
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Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
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Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
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Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
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of the three preceding years, in al
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The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
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2010 Developments: • Internationa
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2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
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Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
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2010 Developments: • Satellite na
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eyond the ISS partners, without sac
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2010 Developments: • Japan launch
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Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
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The Space Environment is chapter as
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of which fewer than 5 per cent are
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Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
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Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
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(German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
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approximately six weeks later. NASA
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Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
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etransmits the programming to cable
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order of years or decades, there ar
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help increase the transparency and
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e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities
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Space surveillance is an area of gr
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Space Security Impact e European SS
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2010 Development U.S. government co
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states can peacefully discuss, for
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Registration Convention The Convent
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PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
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Space Security Proposals A number o
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threat posed to the access to, and
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on questions and issues put before
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an impasse. Despite the difficultie
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2010 Development Africa considers t
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e EU/ESA European Space Policy adop
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2010 Development U.S. export reform
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space orbits and place great strain
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2010 Development Various countries
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Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
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itself, major contractors such as B
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1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
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2010 Development Mix of successes a
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Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
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Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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GPS military applications include n
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distribution system that provides a
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Commercial Space is chapter assesse
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
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43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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AW_04_19_2010_p35-219773.xml&headli
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138 China State Council Information
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176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
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265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
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Programs of Interest,” Center for
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87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
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36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
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krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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