Space Security Index

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Space Security 2011 48 in the Wideband Global Satellite Constellation to the JSpOC in California in real time. 35 Historically, the operational status of satellites has only been known by its satellite operators. e ability to transmit status information to the JSpOC in California, where it can be integrated with other satellite constellations and space surveillance data, constitutes a signicant improvement in SSA for the U.S. military. In October, Raytheon announced that it had won a $3-million contract to develop a prototype sensor architecture that would integrate Air Force Space Command space surveillance sensors and MDA sensors into a single sensor network. 36 Currently, those missions have two dierent networks of sensors, most of which cannot be linked to the other network. Integrating the networks would allow for less replication of capabilities and improve both SSA and the ability to track and intercept ballistic missiles. In a keynote speech at the USSTRATCOM Strategic Space Symposium in Omaha, Nebraska, in November, Lieutenant General Larry James said that work continued on development of the JSpOC Mission System (JMS) to attain “21st century command and control capability,” but Phase 1 deployment has been postponed from Spring 2010 to Spring 2011. e JMS is slated to replace the current, outdated SPADOC 4C and CAVENET computer systems used in the JSpOC for SSA. e FY2011 DOD Budget Proposal includes $132-million for the JMS and estimates almost $670-million for the program through FY2015. 37 James also said that work is proceeding on integrating space with cyber and intelligence capabilities. In total, the FY2011 budget proposal request for SSA programs is $426-million, a signicant increase over the $238-million spent in FY2010. 38 2010 Development Australia funds space debris tracking research and initiates SSA partnership with U.S. In July, Australian company Electro Optic Systems was awarded a $4-million grant from the Australian Space Research Program to develop a laser-based space debris tracking system. 39 It is working with an international consortium that includes institutions in the U.S. and Germany. e consortium’s goal is to develop a system to automatically track space debris much more accurately than is currently possible with ground-based radars, which are the primary means to track data for small objects in LEO. 40 e consortium hopes the project will lead to a network of lasers around the world to track space debris. In November, the U.S. government announced a partnership with Australia to improve SSA capabilities. 41 A Fact Sheet released by the Australian government said that the partnership was a result of the initiatives put forward in Australia’s 2008 Defence White Paper, which emphasized the need for improved SSA. 42 e Fact Sheet also states that the partnership includes joint U.S.-Australian eorts to use existing sites in Western Australia for SSA, sharing of SSA information, and collaboration on science and technology. 43 It is likely that one of the three S-Band Space Fence sites will be located in Western Australia to provide much-needed Southern Hemisphere coverage for the U.S. SSN. Space Security Impact e increase in U.S. SSA capabilities, especially tracking and cataloging of objects smaller than 10 cm, signicantly improves space security e conjunction warnings issued by the U.S. military have had a signicant positive impact on spacecraft operations worldwide, allowing all operators to protect their spacecraft from collisions with space debris. However, the slow progress on SSA data sharing with other countries and satellite operators impedes further improvement for both U.S. SSA and space security.
Trend 2.2: Global SSA capabilities slowly improving Russia is the only other state with a dedicated space surveillance system, the Space Surveillance System (SSS). e system relies mainly on the country’s network of early warning radars, as well as more than 20 optical and electro-optical facilities at 14 locations on Earth. 44 e main optical observation system, Okno (meaning “window”), which began operations in 1999, is located in the mountains near the Tajik city of Nurek, and is used to track objects from 2,000- 40,000 km in altitude. 45 e space surveillance network also includes the Krona system at Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus, which includes dedicated X-band space surveillance radars. 46 e SSS has signicant limitations due to its limited geographic distribution: it cannot track satellites at very low inclinations or in the Western hemisphere, and the operation of Russian surveillance sensors is reportedly erratic. 47 e network as a whole is estimated to carry out some 50,000 observations daily, contributing to a catalog of approximately 5,000 objects, mostly in LEO. 48 While information from the system is not classied, Russia does not have a formal process to widely disseminate space surveillance information. 49 Table 2.1: Russia’s early warning system land-based radars 50 Radar station Radars Year built Olenegorsk (RO-1) Dnestr-M/Dnepr 1976 Olenegorsk (RO-1) Daugava 1978 Mishelevka (OS-1) Dnestr (space surveillance) 1968 Mishelevka (OS-1) two Dnestr-M/Dnepr 1972-1976 Mishelevka (OS-1) Daryal-U non-operational Balkhash, Kazakhstan (OS-2) Dnestr (space surveillance) 1968 Balkhash, Kazakhstan (OS-2) two Dnestr-M/Dnepr 1972-1976 Balkhash, Kazakhstan (OS-2) Daryal-U non-operational Sevastopol, Ukraine (RO-4) Dnepr 1979 [1] Mukachevo, Ukraine (RO-5) Dnepr 1979 [1] Mukachevo, Ukraine (RO-5) Daryal-UM non-operational Pechora (RO-30) Daryal 1984 Gabala, Azerbaijan (RO-7) Daryal 1985 Baranovichi, Belarus Volga 2002 Lekhtusi Voronezh-M 2006 Armavir Voronezh-DM 2009-2010 France and Germany also use national space surveillance capabilities to monitor debris. France’s Air Force operates the Grande Réseau Adapté à la Veille Spatiale (GRAVES) space surveillance system, which has been fully operational since 2005. e system is capable of monitoring approximately 2,000 space objects, including orbital debris, in LEO up to 1,000 km, and follows more than a quarter of all satellites, particularly those that France considers threatening and those for which the U.S. does not publish orbital information. 51 France has cited the necessity of developing this system to decrease reliance on U.S. surveillance information and to ensure the availability of data in the event of a data distribution blackout. 52 e German Defense Research Organization operates the FGAN Tracking and Imaging Radar. e antenna, with a diameter of 34 m, carries out observations in the L- and Ku-bands and can see objects as small as 2 cm at altitudes of 1,000 km. 53 In 2009, Germany inaugurated the German Space Situational Awareness Center (GSSAC) in Uedem, with a mission to coordinate eorts to protect German satellites from on-orbit collisions. 54 Included are the Space Situational Awareness 49
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SPACE SECURITY 2011 www.spacesecuri
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Library and Archives Canada Catalog
Page 7 and 8: PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction
Page 9: PAGE 149 Chapter 8 - Space Systems
Page 12 and 13: Space Security 2011 2 EHF Extremely
Page 14 and 15: Space Security 2011 4 NTM National
Page 17 and 18: Space Security 2011 is the eighth a
Page 19 and 20: of the three preceding years, in al
Page 21 and 22: The Space Environment TREND 1.1: Am
Page 23 and 24: 2010 Developments: • Internationa
Page 25 and 26: 2010 Developments: • Shift in U.S
Page 27 and 28: Civil Space Programs TREND 4.1: Gro
Page 29 and 30: 2010 Developments: • Satellite na
Page 31 and 32: eyond the ISS partners, without sac
Page 33 and 34: 2010 Developments: • Japan launch
Page 35 and 36: Space Systems Negation TREND 8.1: I
Page 37 and 38: The Space Environment is chapter as
Page 39 and 40: of which fewer than 5 per cent are
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3 below lists the Top 10 br
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1.5: Total cataloged on-orbi
Page 45 and 46: (German Aerospace Center), ESA, ISR
Page 47 and 48: approximately six weeks later. NASA
Page 49 and 50: Originally adopted in 1994, the ITU
Page 51 and 52: etransmits the programming to cable
Page 53 and 54: order of years or decades, there ar
Page 55 and 56: help increase the transparency and
Page 57: e 1,100-kg Block 10 satellite conta
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Page 63 and 64: Space Security Impact e European SS
Page 65 and 66: 2010 Development U.S. government co
Page 67 and 68: states can peacefully discuss, for
Page 69 and 70: Registration Convention The Convent
Page 71 and 72: PAROS resolution Since 1981 the UNG
Page 73 and 74: Space Security Proposals A number o
Page 75 and 76: threat posed to the access to, and
Page 77 and 78: on questions and issues put before
Page 79 and 80: an impasse. Despite the difficultie
Page 81 and 82: 2010 Development Africa considers t
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Page 85 and 86: 2010 Development U.S. export reform
Page 87 and 88: space orbits and place great strain
Page 89 and 90: 2010 Development Various countries
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.4: The 2010 space launch sc
Page 93 and 94: itself, major contractors such as B
Page 95 and 96: 1. Transporting astronauts to LEO c
Page 97 and 98: 2010 Development Mix of successes a
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.7: NASA 2006-2010 budget (
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.9: Flights to the Internati
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Page 105 and 106: distribution system that provides a
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espectively. 9 PanAmSat, New Skies,
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in two ways: 1) by amending spectru
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comprised of Boeing (U.S.), Aker Kv
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of the rst two space tourists purc
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At the Spaceport America runway ded
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the U.S. National Geospatial-Intell
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esources to address growing space s
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satellite technology is that the sy
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Space Support for Terrestrial Milit
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Figure 6.4: Russian dedicated milit
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2010 Development Space Support for
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Space Systems Resiliency is chapter
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Responding to such concerns, the U.
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Space Security Impact e establishme
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industry rsts — notably, the rst
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involved; modest shields in GEO can
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X-37A (NASA/DARPA). 77 A successor
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Space Systems Negation is chapter a
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equipment during Operation Iraqi Fr
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satellites in LEO. 43 Japan is an i
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under the Advanced Weapons Technolo
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Table 8.2: History of ground-based
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e MDA Near-Field Infrared Experimen
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Space Security Working Group Meetin
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Types of Earth Orbits* Low Earth Or
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Article II Outer space, including t
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Article XI In order to promote inte
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Spacecraft Launched in 2010 COSPAR
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COSPAR Launch Date 2010- 041B 2010-
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Chapter One Endnotes 1 D. Wright,
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51 Council of the European Union, d
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97 Joel D. Scheraga, “Establishin
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21 Vandenberg Air Force Base, “Va
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69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 European Space
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13 United Nations Oce for Outer Spa
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54 William J. Broad and Kenneth Cha
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93 Saira Abbasi, “FMCT: An Unnish
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135 K.K. Nair, Space, the Frontiers
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3 Data from Gunter Krebs, Gunter’
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50 Antonio Regalado, “Mexico Gets
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88 Frank Morring Jr., “India Gear
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131 Prime Minister of Russia. “Pr
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170 e Voice of Russia, “Russia, K
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generation GPS bird,” Russian Spa
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13 Jim Yardley, “Snubbed by U.S.,
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55 Daniel J. Marcus, “Commerce Pr
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99 Ibid. 100 Space News, “Virgin
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136 Richard DalBello, interview wit
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Chapter Six Endnotes 1 Union of Con
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43 William Graham, “ULA Atlas V l
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AW_04_19_2010_p35-219773.xml&headli
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138 China State Council Information
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176 Frank Morring, Jr. and Neelam M
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221 Spot Image, “Kompsat 2: e Alt
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265 Andrew Willis, “Galileo contr
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Subcommittee on Investigations, Com
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Programs of Interest,” Center for
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87 John Cummings, “Army nanosatel
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36 Steven Kosiak, “Arming the Hea
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krypton-uoride, helium-argon-xenon,
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101 e Advanced Video Guidance Senso
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