Industrial Relations in Europe 2012 - European Commission - Europa

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Table 3.1. Share of public sector employment in relation to total employment: comparison between different sources 1 LFS-Eurostat 2008-2011 average (O+P+Q) 2 OECD General Govern. 2008 a, b 3 OECD General Gov. + Public Corporations 2008 a, b 4 EIRO 2004 or 2005 EU27 24.4 EU15 25.8 EU12 25.7 NO 34.7 29.6 34.5 33.9 DK 32.6 28.7 31.5 30.4 SE 32.1 26.2 BE 31.5 17.1 24.9 LU 29.8 17.6 17.6 10 FR 29.7 21.9 24.4 20.3 UK 29.7 17.4 18.6 20.2 NL 29.5 12.6 21.4 11.5 FI 27.2 22.9 22.9 27.5 MT 25.4 32.1 DE 25.1 9.6 13.6 12 IE 25.1 14.8 16.7 17.9 LT 23.1 27.6 HU 22.6 19.5 19.5 20.8 AT 22.2 11.4 10.7 EE 21.7 18.7 22.3 LV 21.4 34.7 EL 21.2 7.9 20.7 22.1 SK 21.1 10.7 19.3 22.5 ES 20.5 12.3 13.0 15.2 PT 20.4 12.1 15 IT 20.2 14.3 14.3 14.5 PL 19.8 9.7 21.4 26.2 SI 19.6 14.7 22.6 23.2 CZ 19.1 12.8 19.4 14.7 CY 18.8 17.3 BG 18.5 26.2 RO 13.6 10.4 Also see chapter 1 and box 1.3 for a discussion of the definition, size and statistical classification of the public sector and public services. See appendix 3.2 and chapter 4 (table 4.6) for a discussion of the change in public sector employment. Sources: 1) Eurostat LFS 2008-09-10-11, sections: O. P. Q; 2 e 3) OECD, Government at a Glance 2011, Fig. 21.1 and 21.2, based on ILO, LABORSTA database; 4) EIRO: Bordogna 2007. Notes: a) France and Portugal: 2006; b) Austria, Italy, Czech Republic, Netherlands and Poland: data are expressed in full-time equivalents. 121
Of the remaining countries, four – Finland, Malta, Germany, and Ireland – are closer to the group with the largest public sector, with an employment share around 25-27%, while 10 are closer to the lowest pole, with an employment share between 20 and 24%, including Lithuania, Hungary, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Greece, Slovakia, Spain, Portugal, and Italy; only one case within the latter group, Lithuania, is slightly over 23%. A simplified scheme would stress a divide between a group consisting of all the central and northern European countries of the former EU-15, with the exclusion of Austria and the inclusion of Malta, characterised by a relatively large public sector in terms of employment share, and a group of all the southern and eastern European countries, which have a lighter public sector. It should be noted that the hierarchy would change significantly if only public administration and compulsory social security are considered. In this case all the Nordic countries (DK, NO, SE, FI) would be situated in the lowest part of the ranking, along with Ireland, Romania, and Lithuania, with up to 6% of total employment, while at the top, with 8% or over, we would find Luxembourg, France, Belgium, Malta and Greece, the remaining ones being in between. Table 3.2 Public sector employment share of total employment, average 2008/2011 Public sector share on total employment Over 29% Countries Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, UK, Netherlands. 25% - 29% Finland, Malta, Germany, Ireland. 20% - 24% Lithuania, Hungary, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Greece, Slovakia, Spain, Portugal, Italy. Below 20% Poland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania. The grouping of countries is based on 5 percentage-point intervals of public sector employment share as shown in table 3.1, column 1. Source: LFS Eurostat. NACE Rev.2. Sections O, P, Q. However, as specified in chapter 1, while the activities included in section O should certainly belong to the public sector, with few exceptions and uncertainties, sections P and Q include also private sector providers, to an extent that might significantly vary across countries, and there is little scope for controlling for this feature (see Box 1.1 in chapter 1). To partly remedy these inaccuracies, due to the unavailability of more focused data, the three remaining columns in Table 3.1 report data coming from different sources: the OECD Government at a Glance 2011, related to employment in General Government and in General Government plus Public Corporations, and a comparative study on public sector industrial relations for the European Foundation of Living and Working Conditions (Bordogna 2007). In two cases the data of the three sources overlap almost perfectly: Norway and Denmark, at the top of the ranking, with a public sector employment share always around or above 30%. In another group of countries the available sources are also quite convergent, including Hungary, Estonia, Portugal, Cyprus, Romania, and, if public corporations are also included in the OECD data, Slovakia, Greece, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic. However, for the remaining countries there are significant differences between the three (or two) sources. Among these, particularly remarkable are the discrepancies regarding Belgium, 122
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Industrial Relations in Europe 2012
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Neither the European Commission nor
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Table of contents Executive summary
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employers. The second covers countr
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as has trade union fragmentation, d
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collective bargaining, in other cou
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fragmentation and pay dispersion ha
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Generating new jobs and transformin
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een negligible. Second- and third-t
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Nevertheless, the study indicated m
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Chapter 1: Overview of European, na
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2010, collective bargaining coverag
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short period of eight years. In Est
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Chart 1.6: Bargaining centralisatio
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A core aim of the CAWIE project has
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purposes of the present analysis. T
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have been substituted by contractin
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Table 1.1 shows that in 11 countrie
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SI SK UK Central level agreements.
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IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
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Across the EU the magnitude of the
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IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE Jo
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argaining in the same way so that d
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Table 1.6: Major unions in the publ
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LU LV MT NL General Confederation o
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As shown by Visser (2010) for the n
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1.5 Employers’ associations In co
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SI SK Governmental bargaining group
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State-centred, including Greece, Sp
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Chart 1.12: Comparison between nati
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this would imply that industrial re
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Doellgast, V. and Greer, I. (2007),
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Chapter 2: Industrial relations dev
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the only available source of compar
Page 72 and 73: Chart 2.4: Annual net earnings in t
Page 74 and 75: Table 2.1 GINI coefficients for the
Page 76 and 77: producers’ Finally, the governmen
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Page 88 and 89: Legal extension of collective agree
Page 90 and 91: Descriptive statistical evidence (s
Page 92 and 93: of sector-level collective agreemen
Page 94 and 95: * Italics indicate pacts addressing
Page 96 and 97: the liberal CEECs (LT, LV, EE, RO a
Page 98 and 99: 2.3.7 Interim conclusions Unionisat
Page 100 and 101: Chart 2.16: Multi-national companie
Page 102 and 103: Box 2.3 Coping with the economic cr
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Page 106 and 107: EE HU rapid increase before the cri
Page 108 and 109: SK 2011: cuts/freeze planned SI 200
Page 110 and 111: cooperation within the EU, where be
Page 112 and 113: cabinet resignation, Romania renege
Page 114 and 115: important for building additional r
Page 116 and 117: References Avdagic, S. (2005), ‘S
Page 118: egulationin Eastern Europe’, in D
Page 121: and not an exact measurement of the
Page 125 and 126: In some cases this is linked to emp
Page 127 and 128: and social security activities have
Page 129 and 130: Table 3.4 Part-time employment, 201
Page 131 and 132: Table 3.6 Number employed in tempor
Page 133 and 134: 3.4 Employment status and the right
Page 135 and 136: employees (Angestellte and Arbeiter
Page 137 and 138: Table 3.8 Trade union density in th
Page 139 and 140: distinguish between ‘technical’
Page 141 and 142: with adequate services as well as t
Page 143 and 144: Wales) about pay increases, based o
Page 145 and 146: majority public ownership) than in
Page 147 and 148: 3.7 Centralisation, decentralisatio
Page 149 and 150: government over the entire bargaini
Page 151 and 152: 3.8 Industrial conflict and settlem
Page 153 and 154: all of public employees. Career civ
Page 155 and 156: is also paid to equal pay and low-p
Page 157 and 158: Casale G. (2008), Public service la
Page 159 and 160: Pedersini R. (2009), “La riforma
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.1 Number employed in pub
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4: The consequences of the
Page 166 and 167: had a lengthy engagement with NPM r
Page 168 and 169: Moreover, after an initial increase
Page 170 and 171: GDP), Denmark (3.2%), Cyprus (0.9%)
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in 2009 - a target that was missed
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public sector and its workforce in
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Pay Cut Pay Freeze Other measures H
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Nevertheless, it should be remember
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able to progress to higher salary p
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the sharing of information technolo
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and moves towards fiscal consolidat
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the importance of inward investment
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In countries less affected by auste
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Spain -18,000 in 2010 in public adm
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4.5.2 Responses of social partners
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Country Protest & Strikes Finland F
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Country Protest & Strikes Spain Ext
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It has been suggested that although
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Acknowledgements We thank Berndt Ke
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Ibsen, C., Larsen, T., Madsen, J. a
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Chapter 5: Greening the social dial
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(Ueapme 2010 55 ). Fostering the ad
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5.3 Cooperative approaches in manag
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Chemical industry institutes) is th
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5.4 Representation within an emergi
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In other countries, the emergence o
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Skills developments Career and empl
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(WiRES 83 ) looked into the aspect
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Career and employment security Heal
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solar energy production, has launch
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will hire unemployed workers, with
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Overall, industrial relations in gr
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References Arbeiterkammer Wien, Ins
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Chapter 6: Social partner involveme
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the same country in different areas
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6.3 Unemployment benefit systems Th
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established tripartite cooperation.
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would appear that the funds were a
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Further, according to the most rece
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An example of social concertation i
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government will facilitate the acco
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funds. The schemes were based on pe
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of industrial actions in the summer
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managing these insurance funds is t
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6.6.2 Social partner influence on p
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etirement income gap by private fun
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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Natali D (2009), Public/private mix
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Commission must consult the social
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social partners' increasing role as
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The agreement is a significant achi
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the Commission not to present it to
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In late July 2012 the cross-industr
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Through the AGS the Commission has
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workplaces in local and regional go
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Moreover, the social partners are c
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Change Summit in Cancun in December
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linked to the Europe 2020 strategy
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EU's flagship policy towards the se
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to be included in the national LLL
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industry and sectoral social dialog
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In the construction sector, the Eur
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In the sugar sector, the implementa
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Directive on 30 May 2012. In this,
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well represented at the higher leve
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to establish and/or improve nationa
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Federation of Textiles, Clothing an
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Chart 7.1 Number and type of texts
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commitment to the aim of full imple
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Table 7.1: European sectoral social
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Table 7.2: European social partner
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Recovering and strengthening compet
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Joint position regarding the Europe
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developments, explains the Commissi
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The review is based on consultation
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concluded on 21 May 2012 a European
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Furthermore, studies were commissio
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Report of 26 October 2012 on the im
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Six judgments were delivered relati
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In Case C-3/10 162 , the ECJ ruled
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In Case C 282/10 179 , the ECJ deci
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8.3 Health and safety of workers 8.
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8.3.5 Exposure to asbestos Practica
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of data due to the need for major a
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and effects of the EU Directives on
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2. FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS DIRECTI
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HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free
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