Industrial Relations in Europe 2012 - European Commission - Europa

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Chart 1.6: Bargaining centralisation, 2000s Source: J. Visser, ICTWSS database 3.0, 2011 Bargaining centralisation indicator is scored on a five-point scale: 5 = national (cross-sectoral) bargaining; 4 = national (cross-sectoral) bargaining with derogation and additional sector or company bargaining; 3 = sector- or industry-level bargaining; 2 = sector- or industry-level, with additional local or company bargaining; and 1 = local or company bargaining. N.B. 1997-1999 averages are weighted by 2000 data for Wage and Salary Earners in Employment. 2007-2009 and 2010 averages are weighted by 2009 data for Wage and Salary Earners in Employment. Box 1.2: Collectively agreed wages in Europe (CAWIE)* – statistical and political challenges Collective bargaining plays a key role in the determination of wages and wage developments in Europe. On average about two-thirds of all employees in the European Union are directly covered by a collective agreement. Within the Eurozone average collective bargaining coverage is even higher, reaching 80% or above. The statistical challenge Considering the importance of collective bargaining for wage-setting in Europe, it is noteworthy that there is no official European-wide database or statistics on collectively agreed wages. The only exception is the indicator of negotiated wages which is calculated by the European Central Bank (ECB) as an aggregate figure for the whole Euro area. However, since the ECB does not publish the underlying national data, this indicator provides no scope for a European-wide comparative analysis. The indicator is considered by the ECB itself as ‘experimental data’: statistics that are not yet developed in terms of coverage, rely on different sources, and are not based on Euro area-wide harmonised definitions. The CAWIE project aims to improve knowledge on the development of collectively-agreed wages in Europe. It is based on the available national indicators on collectively agreed wages for ten European countries (AT, BE, FIN, FR, DE, IT, NL, PT, ES and UK). There are significant differences but also similarities in the statistical definition of collectively-agreed wages, the methods of calculation and the coverage of the data. However, there is a 29
predominance in the use of index-based indicators, similar to the methodological approach for consumer price indices. The political challenge In response to the challenge of the financial and economic crisis, European economic governance has significantly gained importance through a series of new EU policies. As emphasised in the Euro Plus Pact, wages and collective bargaining systems are seen as one of the main instruments for the European coordination of economic policy. A better knowledge of collectively-agreed wages is therefore highly relevant to understanding to what extent overall wage developments in Europe are the result of negotiations and directly influenced by social partners’ organisations. According to the ECB data, during the 2000s the overall development of collectively-agreed wages in the Euro area was relatively stable with only moderate increases. While nominal growth rates varied between 2.1 and 2.7 per cent, there was only a minimal increase in real wages. By the end of the decade, however, this changed: 2008 saw a relatively high increase in nominal but a freeze in real wages followed by a relatively high increase in real wages in 2009. Since 2010 nominal wage growth was again rather moderate, leading to a significant decrease in real wages in 2011 and 2012. To sum up, in the Euro area as a whole, developments in collectively-agreed wages have been unproblematic both for competitiveness and for price stability. On the contrary, minimal increases in real wages have contributed to a rather weak development of consumer demand. Chart 1.7: ECB indicator of negotiated wages for the Euro area, 2000-2012 (annual percentage change) Source: ECB, calculations by WSI Note: real wages are adjusted by the Harmonised Consumer Price Index (HCPI) Behind this rather stable picture for the overall Euro area, national wage developments show some significant differences. In the period 2001-2010 the increase in nominal collectivelyagreed wages varied between 23 per cent in Germany and 41 per cent in Spain. These differences were much less pronounced if compared in real terms ( with a difference of only 10 percentage points). With the exception of Finland and Italy, real wage developments were below productivity growth, leading to a further decline of the wage share and a re-distribution from labour to capital. 30
Page 1 and 2: Industrial Relations in Europe 2012
Page 3 and 4: Neither the European Commission nor
Page 6: Table of contents Executive summary
Page 9 and 10: employers. The second covers countr
Page 11 and 12: as has trade union fragmentation, d
Page 13 and 14: collective bargaining, in other cou
Page 15 and 16: fragmentation and pay dispersion ha
Page 17 and 18: Generating new jobs and transformin
Page 19 and 20: een negligible. Second- and third-t
Page 21 and 22: Nevertheless, the study indicated m
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1: Overview of European, na
Page 26 and 27: 2010, collective bargaining coverag
Page 28 and 29: short period of eight years. In Est
Page 32 and 33: A core aim of the CAWIE project has
Page 34 and 35: purposes of the present analysis. T
Page 36 and 37: have been substituted by contractin
Page 38 and 39: Table 1.1 shows that in 11 countrie
Page 40 and 41: SI SK UK Central level agreements.
Page 42 and 43: IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 44 and 45: Across the EU the magnitude of the
Page 46 and 47: IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE Jo
Page 48 and 49: argaining in the same way so that d
Page 50 and 51: Table 1.6: Major unions in the publ
Page 52 and 53: LU LV MT NL General Confederation o
Page 54 and 55: As shown by Visser (2010) for the n
Page 56 and 57: 1.5 Employers’ associations In co
Page 58 and 59: SI SK Governmental bargaining group
Page 60 and 61: State-centred, including Greece, Sp
Page 62 and 63: Chart 1.12: Comparison between nati
Page 64 and 65: this would imply that industrial re
Page 66 and 67: Doellgast, V. and Greer, I. (2007),
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2: Industrial relations dev
Page 70 and 71: the only available source of compar
Page 72 and 73: Chart 2.4: Annual net earnings in t
Page 74 and 75: Table 2.1 GINI coefficients for the
Page 76 and 77: producers’ Finally, the governmen
Page 78 and 79: A weakening membership base indicat
Page 80 and 81:
less eager to join an employers’
Page 82 and 83:
The lower degree of bargaining coor
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Existence of tripartite council con
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including trade unions in policymak
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Legal extension of collective agree
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Descriptive statistical evidence (s
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of sector-level collective agreemen
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* Italics indicate pacts addressing
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the liberal CEECs (LT, LV, EE, RO a
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2.3.7 Interim conclusions Unionisat
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Chart 2.16: Multi-national companie
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Box 2.3 Coping with the economic cr
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motivation for employers was findin
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EE HU rapid increase before the cri
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SK 2011: cuts/freeze planned SI 200
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cooperation within the EU, where be
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cabinet resignation, Romania renege
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important for building additional r
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References Avdagic, S. (2005), ‘S
Page 118:
egulationin Eastern Europe’, in D
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and not an exact measurement of the
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Of the remaining countries, four -
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In some cases this is linked to emp
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and social security activities have
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Table 3.4 Part-time employment, 201
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Table 3.6 Number employed in tempor
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3.4 Employment status and the right
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employees (Angestellte and Arbeiter
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Table 3.8 Trade union density in th
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distinguish between ‘technical’
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with adequate services as well as t
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Wales) about pay increases, based o
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majority public ownership) than in
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3.7 Centralisation, decentralisatio
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government over the entire bargaini
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3.8 Industrial conflict and settlem
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all of public employees. Career civ
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is also paid to equal pay and low-p
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Casale G. (2008), Public service la
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Pedersini R. (2009), “La riforma
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Appendix 3.1 Number employed in pub
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Chapter 4: The consequences of the
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had a lengthy engagement with NPM r
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Moreover, after an initial increase
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GDP), Denmark (3.2%), Cyprus (0.9%)
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in 2009 - a target that was missed
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public sector and its workforce in
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Pay Cut Pay Freeze Other measures H
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Nevertheless, it should be remember
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able to progress to higher salary p
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the sharing of information technolo
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and moves towards fiscal consolidat
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the importance of inward investment
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In countries less affected by auste
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Spain -18,000 in 2010 in public adm
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4.5.2 Responses of social partners
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Country Protest & Strikes Finland F
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Country Protest & Strikes Spain Ext
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It has been suggested that although
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Acknowledgements We thank Berndt Ke
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Ibsen, C., Larsen, T., Madsen, J. a
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Chapter 5: Greening the social dial
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(Ueapme 2010 55 ). Fostering the ad
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5.3 Cooperative approaches in manag
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Chemical industry institutes) is th
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5.4 Representation within an emergi
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In other countries, the emergence o
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Skills developments Career and empl
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(WiRES 83 ) looked into the aspect
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Career and employment security Heal
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solar energy production, has launch
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will hire unemployed workers, with
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Overall, industrial relations in gr
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References Arbeiterkammer Wien, Ins
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Chapter 6: Social partner involveme
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the same country in different areas
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6.3 Unemployment benefit systems Th
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established tripartite cooperation.
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would appear that the funds were a
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Further, according to the most rece
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An example of social concertation i
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government will facilitate the acco
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funds. The schemes were based on pe
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of industrial actions in the summer
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managing these insurance funds is t
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6.6.2 Social partner influence on p
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etirement income gap by private fun
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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Natali D (2009), Public/private mix
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Commission must consult the social
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social partners' increasing role as
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The agreement is a significant achi
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the Commission not to present it to
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In late July 2012 the cross-industr
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Through the AGS the Commission has
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workplaces in local and regional go
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Moreover, the social partners are c
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Change Summit in Cancun in December
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linked to the Europe 2020 strategy
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EU's flagship policy towards the se
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to be included in the national LLL
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industry and sectoral social dialog
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In the construction sector, the Eur
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In the sugar sector, the implementa
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Directive on 30 May 2012. In this,
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well represented at the higher leve
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to establish and/or improve nationa
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Federation of Textiles, Clothing an
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Chart 7.1 Number and type of texts
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commitment to the aim of full imple
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Table 7.1: European sectoral social
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Table 7.2: European social partner
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Recovering and strengthening compet
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Joint position regarding the Europe
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developments, explains the Commissi
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The review is based on consultation
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concluded on 21 May 2012 a European
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Furthermore, studies were commissio
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Report of 26 October 2012 on the im
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Six judgments were delivered relati
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In Case C-3/10 162 , the ECJ ruled
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In Case C 282/10 179 , the ECJ deci
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8.3 Health and safety of workers 8.
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8.3.5 Exposure to asbestos Practica
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of data due to the need for major a
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and effects of the EU Directives on
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2. FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS DIRECTI
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