Industrial Relations in Europe 2012 - European Commission - Europa

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Chapter 5: Greening the social dialogue The role of the social partners in the transition to green and greener jobs has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, more needs to be done to build a lasting and sustainable social dialogue that can help to meet the challenges posed by the move to a competitive, lowcarbon and resource efficient economy. Based on a draft by Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Christian Welz, Eurofound 5.1 Introduction: European-level policy on greening and social partner positions This chapter aims to bring together different strands of recent research in the field of industrial relations and sustainability. It includes examples of social partner initiatives for managing the transition, results from a new study on the quality of green jobs 41 , some incidence of environmentally-related restructuring within the utilities sector 42 and reports the results of a mapping exercise 43 on the level of representation in the newly emerging renewable energy industry across Europe. Based on these pieces of research, conclusions on the importance and proposals for the promotion of “greening” the social dialogue are drawn. Within the framework of its Europe 2020 strategy, the European Union has re-confirmed its commitment to move towards a competitive, low-carbon and resource-efficient economy. 44 In line with this, a number of policies for coordinated Member State action have been advanced, the major ones being the following: - European climate and energy policy set the following key targets (the 20-20-20 targets): that Member States jointly achieve a 20% energy reduction; source 20% of their energy from renewables; and cut their greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020, compared to 1990. Binding legislation supporting implementation of these targets was contained in the EU climate and energy package 2008, which includes aspects such as the Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), an “effort sharing decision” for sectors not covered by the EU ETS, binding national targets for the use of renewables and a legal framework for the promotion of carbon capture storage 45 . 41 Eurofound 2012a 42 From the European Restructuring Monitor, ERM 43 Eurofound 2012b 44 See Commission Staff Working document: “Exploiting the employment potential of green growth” SWD(2012) 92 final. 45 European Commission, ‘The EU climate and energy package’, (consulted May 2012) http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm 203
- in its “2050 Low carbon Roadmap” 46 the European Commission sketches a pathway towards further greenhouse gas reduction of 80% - 95% by 2050, focusing on a range of sectors. - the labour market implications of this transition phase will be supported by the New Skills and Jobs Agenda 47 These policies are set out as the backbone of a policy-driven technological and social change. In, from an environmental point of view, an optimistic scenario, a new wave of “green restructuring” accompanied by green re- and up-skilling can be expected. While the extent of such change has been subject to some analysis (e.g. Cambridge econometrics et al. 2011 48 , see European Commission 2009 49 for an overview), the quality of such a change and its implications for working conditions and employment have not been extensively analysed (see, however, EU-OSHA 2011a 50 and 2011b 51 for health and safety implications). Recent research by the European Foundation has tried to fill this gap. The social partners at European level are engaged in this topic within different forums – particularly the sectoral social dialogue committees – (see chapter 7) and have issued a variety of position papers and opinions. On the worker side, the concept of “Just Transition” was adopted by the Trade Union congress in Vancouver, ITUC (2010) 52 . It embraces a package of policy proposals aimed at fostering a socially just, environmentally sustainable transition. Policies include investment in green and labour intensive technologies and sectors, research and early assessment of social and employment impacts, social dialogue and the democratic consultation of all stakeholders, training and skills development and local analysis and economic diversification plans 53 . On the employer side, employer representatives stress the importance of maintaining competitiveness by ensuring an international level playing field for industry – (BusinessEurope 2008 54 ) or by keeping the regulatory burden of environmental legislation low and empowering SMEs, through training, advice and access to funding, to play their part in fighting climate change 46 European Commission 2011, COM 2011 (112) final 47 European Commission 2010, COM 2010 (682) final 48 Cambridge Econometrics, GHK and Warwick Institute for Employment Research, 2011. ‘Studies on Sustainability Issues – Green Jobs; Trade and Labour’ Final Report for the European Commission, DG Employment. 49 European Commission, 2009 ‘Employment in Europe 2009’, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 50 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), 2011a ‘Foresight of New and Emerging Risks to Occupational Safety and Health Associated with New Technologies in Green Jobs by 2020. Phase I - Key drivers of change’, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 51 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), 2011b. ‘Foresight of New and Emerging Risks to Occupational Safety and Health Associated with New Technologies in Green Jobs by 2020. Phase II - Key technologies’, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 52 ITUC (2010) ‘Resolution on combating climate change through sustainable development and just transition’ 2CO/E/6.10 (final). 53 Rosemberg ‘Building a Just Transition: The linkages between climate change and employment’, in ILO, International Journal of Labour Research, 2010, Vol. 2, Issue 2. 54 Business Europe 2008 ‘Combating Climate Change: Four key principals for a successful international agreement’ http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=568&DocID=21780 204
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Industrial Relations in Europe 2012
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Neither the European Commission nor
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Table of contents Executive summary
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employers. The second covers countr
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as has trade union fragmentation, d
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collective bargaining, in other cou
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fragmentation and pay dispersion ha
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Generating new jobs and transformin
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een negligible. Second- and third-t
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Nevertheless, the study indicated m
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Chapter 1: Overview of European, na
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2010, collective bargaining coverag
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short period of eight years. In Est
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Chart 1.6: Bargaining centralisatio
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A core aim of the CAWIE project has
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purposes of the present analysis. T
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have been substituted by contractin
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Table 1.1 shows that in 11 countrie
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SI SK UK Central level agreements.
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IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
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Across the EU the magnitude of the
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IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE Jo
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argaining in the same way so that d
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Table 1.6: Major unions in the publ
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LU LV MT NL General Confederation o
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As shown by Visser (2010) for the n
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1.5 Employers’ associations In co
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SI SK Governmental bargaining group
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State-centred, including Greece, Sp
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Chart 1.12: Comparison between nati
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this would imply that industrial re
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Doellgast, V. and Greer, I. (2007),
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Chapter 2: Industrial relations dev
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the only available source of compar
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Chart 2.4: Annual net earnings in t
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Table 2.1 GINI coefficients for the
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producers’ Finally, the governmen
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A weakening membership base indicat
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less eager to join an employers’
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The lower degree of bargaining coor
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Existence of tripartite council con
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including trade unions in policymak
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Legal extension of collective agree
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Descriptive statistical evidence (s
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of sector-level collective agreemen
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* Italics indicate pacts addressing
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the liberal CEECs (LT, LV, EE, RO a
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2.3.7 Interim conclusions Unionisat
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Chart 2.16: Multi-national companie
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Box 2.3 Coping with the economic cr
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motivation for employers was findin
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EE HU rapid increase before the cri
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SK 2011: cuts/freeze planned SI 200
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cooperation within the EU, where be
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cabinet resignation, Romania renege
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important for building additional r
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References Avdagic, S. (2005), ‘S
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egulationin Eastern Europe’, in D
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and not an exact measurement of the
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Of the remaining countries, four -
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In some cases this is linked to emp
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and social security activities have
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Table 3.4 Part-time employment, 201
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Table 3.6 Number employed in tempor
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3.4 Employment status and the right
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employees (Angestellte and Arbeiter
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Table 3.8 Trade union density in th
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distinguish between ‘technical’
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with adequate services as well as t
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Wales) about pay increases, based o
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majority public ownership) than in
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3.7 Centralisation, decentralisatio
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government over the entire bargaini
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3.8 Industrial conflict and settlem
Page 153 and 154: all of public employees. Career civ
Page 155 and 156: is also paid to equal pay and low-p
Page 157 and 158: Casale G. (2008), Public service la
Page 159 and 160: Pedersini R. (2009), “La riforma
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.1 Number employed in pub
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 4: The consequences of the
Page 166 and 167: had a lengthy engagement with NPM r
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Page 170 and 171: GDP), Denmark (3.2%), Cyprus (0.9%)
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Page 174 and 175: public sector and its workforce in
Page 176 and 177: Pay Cut Pay Freeze Other measures H
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Page 192 and 193: 4.5.2 Responses of social partners
Page 194 and 195: Country Protest & Strikes Finland F
Page 196 and 197: Country Protest & Strikes Spain Ext
Page 198 and 199: It has been suggested that although
Page 200 and 201: Acknowledgements We thank Berndt Ke
Page 202 and 203: Ibsen, C., Larsen, T., Madsen, J. a
Page 206 and 207: (Ueapme 2010 55 ). Fostering the ad
Page 208 and 209: 5.3 Cooperative approaches in manag
Page 210 and 211: Chemical industry institutes) is th
Page 212 and 213: 5.4 Representation within an emergi
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Page 216 and 217: Skills developments Career and empl
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Page 220 and 221: Career and employment security Heal
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Page 224 and 225: will hire unemployed workers, with
Page 226 and 227: Overall, industrial relations in gr
Page 228 and 229: References Arbeiterkammer Wien, Ins
Page 230 and 231: Chapter 6: Social partner involveme
Page 232 and 233: the same country in different areas
Page 234 and 235: 6.3 Unemployment benefit systems Th
Page 236 and 237: established tripartite cooperation.
Page 238 and 239: would appear that the funds were a
Page 240 and 241: Further, according to the most rece
Page 242 and 243: An example of social concertation i
Page 244 and 245: government will facilitate the acco
Page 246 and 247: funds. The schemes were based on pe
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etirement income gap by private fun
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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Natali D (2009), Public/private mix
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Commission must consult the social
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social partners' increasing role as
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The agreement is a significant achi
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the Commission not to present it to
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In late July 2012 the cross-industr
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Through the AGS the Commission has
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workplaces in local and regional go
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Moreover, the social partners are c
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Change Summit in Cancun in December
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linked to the Europe 2020 strategy
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EU's flagship policy towards the se
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to be included in the national LLL
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industry and sectoral social dialog
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In the construction sector, the Eur
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In the sugar sector, the implementa
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Directive on 30 May 2012. In this,
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well represented at the higher leve
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to establish and/or improve nationa
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Federation of Textiles, Clothing an
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Chart 7.1 Number and type of texts
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commitment to the aim of full imple
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Table 7.1: European sectoral social
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Table 7.2: European social partner
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Recovering and strengthening compet
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Joint position regarding the Europe
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developments, explains the Commissi
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The review is based on consultation
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concluded on 21 May 2012 a European
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Furthermore, studies were commissio
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Report of 26 October 2012 on the im
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Six judgments were delivered relati
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In Case C-3/10 162 , the ECJ ruled
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In Case C 282/10 179 , the ECJ deci
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8.3 Health and safety of workers 8.
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8.3.5 Exposure to asbestos Practica
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of data due to the need for major a
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and effects of the EU Directives on
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2. FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS DIRECTI
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HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free
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