Industrial Relations in Europe 2012 - European Commission - Europa

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1.5 Employers’ associations In contrast to the private sector, where employers’ associations organise and represent the interests of companies, the associational structure of public sector employers is more complex. This is because the public sector is characterised by a multi-layered structure of political and administrative actors with different responsibilities on different levels and in different regions (Keller, Due and Andersen, 2001). One main difference between the public and the private sectors is that in the public sector no employers’ associations exist in the majority of the EU Member States. The reason for this lack of public sector employer associations is that state authorities - which act directly as employers - are organised under national public administrative systems. Thus, the more centralised, coordinated and organised these administrative systems, the more coordinated the employer side in the public sector. There is therefore no need to organise employers’ interests in an association in countries with well organised, coordinated and centralised administrative systems. In general, that is why employer associations exist only in countries in which the national public administrative system does not enable enough coordination of central states’ employment and wage strategies (Adam, 2011). This is frequently the case in countries with a decentralised system for regulating the employment relationship (as shown in Table 1.1). Nevertheless, compared to the private sector, collective bargaining in the public sector is still characterised by a high degree of centralisation as central state authorities are actively involved in collective bargaining in almost all EU Member States. Thus the employer side is represented in collective bargaining by central state authorities. These are usually important ministries themselves who represent state interests as an employer or spin-offs of ministries. See Table 1.7 for an overview of public sector state authorities who represent states interests as an employer. Table 1.7: Main actors in the public sector on the employer side in the EU (employer organisations are in italic) Country AT BE State Secretary for Civil Service and Administrative Reform in the Federal Chancellery (Bundeskanzleramt BKA) Committee composed of the Prime Minister and ministers (no central public sector employer organisation) BG CY CZ DE DK EE National Council for Tripartite Partnership Government, represented by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Finance and the Director of Public Administration and Personnel Department and acting in the Joint Staff Committee (J.S.C.) Joint Consultative Committee (MEP) Ministry of the Interior (BMI) at national level. Federation of Municipal Employers Association at local level. Municipals Employer’s Association (VKA) Ministry of Finance: State Employer’s Agency. Local Government Denmark (KL) Inter-Ministerial Committee chaired by the Minister of Social Affairs 55
EL ES FI FR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation Ministry of Public Administration; three main committees: Public Administration Committee (for working conditions), one committee responsible for statutory civil servants and one for other public sector employees Ministry of Finance: State Employer’s Agency (VTML). Commission for Local Authority Employers (KT) Ministry of the Budget, of Public Accounts and of the Civil Service (Ministère du Budget, des Comptes Publics et de la Fonction Publique; Direction Générale de l’Administration et de la Fonction Publique DGAFP); Minister of Health (fontion publique hospitalière); Minister of Subnational Entities (fonction publique territoriale) Relevant ministries Department of Finance. Local Government Management Board (LGMSB) Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Department of Public Administration) for public employees that has not been privatizsed and contractualised. Agency for the Representation of Public Administration (national level) Negotiation (ARAN) Government Ministry of Civil Service and of Administrative Reform. Association of Luxembourg Towns and Municipalities (Syvicol) Relevant ministries. Latvian Association of Employers of Municipalities (LPDDA) Ministry of Finance (principal permanent secretary). Office of the Prime Minister (permanent secretary). Joint Negotiation Team. Collective Bargaining Unit. Malta Employers Association (MEA) Ministry of the Interior Chancellery of the Prime Minister. Director-General of the Civil Service Office (for working conditions) Ministry of Public Administration. Ministry of Finance Ministry of Labour, Family and Equal Opportunities. Ministry of Health. Ministry of Education. National Agency for Public Servants (ANFP) Swedish Agency for Government Employers (SAGE). Federation of Social Insurance Offices. Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKL) 56
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Industrial Relations in Europe 2012
Page 3 and 4:
Neither the European Commission nor
Page 6: Table of contents Executive summary
Page 9 and 10: employers. The second covers countr
Page 11 and 12: as has trade union fragmentation, d
Page 13 and 14: collective bargaining, in other cou
Page 15 and 16: fragmentation and pay dispersion ha
Page 17 and 18: Generating new jobs and transformin
Page 19 and 20: een negligible. Second- and third-t
Page 21 and 22: Nevertheless, the study indicated m
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1: Overview of European, na
Page 26 and 27: 2010, collective bargaining coverag
Page 28 and 29: short period of eight years. In Est
Page 30 and 31: Chart 1.6: Bargaining centralisatio
Page 32 and 33: A core aim of the CAWIE project has
Page 34 and 35: purposes of the present analysis. T
Page 36 and 37: have been substituted by contractin
Page 38 and 39: Table 1.1 shows that in 11 countrie
Page 40 and 41: SI SK UK Central level agreements.
Page 42 and 43: IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 44 and 45: Across the EU the magnitude of the
Page 46 and 47: IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE Jo
Page 48 and 49: argaining in the same way so that d
Page 50 and 51: Table 1.6: Major unions in the publ
Page 52 and 53: LU LV MT NL General Confederation o
Page 54 and 55: As shown by Visser (2010) for the n
Page 58 and 59: SI SK Governmental bargaining group
Page 60 and 61: State-centred, including Greece, Sp
Page 62 and 63: Chart 1.12: Comparison between nati
Page 64 and 65: this would imply that industrial re
Page 66 and 67: Doellgast, V. and Greer, I. (2007),
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2: Industrial relations dev
Page 70 and 71: the only available source of compar
Page 72 and 73: Chart 2.4: Annual net earnings in t
Page 74 and 75: Table 2.1 GINI coefficients for the
Page 76 and 77: producers’ Finally, the governmen
Page 78 and 79: A weakening membership base indicat
Page 80 and 81: less eager to join an employers’
Page 82 and 83: The lower degree of bargaining coor
Page 84 and 85: Existence of tripartite council con
Page 86 and 87: including trade unions in policymak
Page 88 and 89: Legal extension of collective agree
Page 90 and 91: Descriptive statistical evidence (s
Page 92 and 93: of sector-level collective agreemen
Page 94 and 95: * Italics indicate pacts addressing
Page 96 and 97: the liberal CEECs (LT, LV, EE, RO a
Page 98 and 99: 2.3.7 Interim conclusions Unionisat
Page 100 and 101: Chart 2.16: Multi-national companie
Page 102 and 103: Box 2.3 Coping with the economic cr
Page 104 and 105: motivation for employers was findin
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EE HU rapid increase before the cri
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SK 2011: cuts/freeze planned SI 200
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cooperation within the EU, where be
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cabinet resignation, Romania renege
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important for building additional r
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References Avdagic, S. (2005), ‘S
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egulationin Eastern Europe’, in D
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and not an exact measurement of the
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Of the remaining countries, four -
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In some cases this is linked to emp
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and social security activities have
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Table 3.4 Part-time employment, 201
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Table 3.6 Number employed in tempor
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3.4 Employment status and the right
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employees (Angestellte and Arbeiter
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Table 3.8 Trade union density in th
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distinguish between ‘technical’
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with adequate services as well as t
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Wales) about pay increases, based o
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majority public ownership) than in
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3.7 Centralisation, decentralisatio
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government over the entire bargaini
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3.8 Industrial conflict and settlem
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all of public employees. Career civ
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is also paid to equal pay and low-p
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Casale G. (2008), Public service la
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Pedersini R. (2009), “La riforma
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Appendix 3.1 Number employed in pub
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Chapter 4: The consequences of the
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had a lengthy engagement with NPM r
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Moreover, after an initial increase
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GDP), Denmark (3.2%), Cyprus (0.9%)
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in 2009 - a target that was missed
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public sector and its workforce in
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Pay Cut Pay Freeze Other measures H
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Nevertheless, it should be remember
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able to progress to higher salary p
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the sharing of information technolo
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and moves towards fiscal consolidat
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the importance of inward investment
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In countries less affected by auste
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Spain -18,000 in 2010 in public adm
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4.5.2 Responses of social partners
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Country Protest & Strikes Finland F
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Country Protest & Strikes Spain Ext
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It has been suggested that although
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Acknowledgements We thank Berndt Ke
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Ibsen, C., Larsen, T., Madsen, J. a
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Chapter 5: Greening the social dial
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(Ueapme 2010 55 ). Fostering the ad
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5.3 Cooperative approaches in manag
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Chemical industry institutes) is th
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5.4 Representation within an emergi
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In other countries, the emergence o
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Skills developments Career and empl
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(WiRES 83 ) looked into the aspect
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Career and employment security Heal
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solar energy production, has launch
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will hire unemployed workers, with
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Overall, industrial relations in gr
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References Arbeiterkammer Wien, Ins
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Chapter 6: Social partner involveme
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the same country in different areas
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6.3 Unemployment benefit systems Th
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established tripartite cooperation.
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would appear that the funds were a
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Further, according to the most rece
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An example of social concertation i
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government will facilitate the acco
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funds. The schemes were based on pe
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of industrial actions in the summer
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managing these insurance funds is t
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6.6.2 Social partner influence on p
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etirement income gap by private fun
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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Natali D (2009), Public/private mix
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Commission must consult the social
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social partners' increasing role as
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The agreement is a significant achi
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the Commission not to present it to
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In late July 2012 the cross-industr
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Through the AGS the Commission has
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workplaces in local and regional go
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Moreover, the social partners are c
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Change Summit in Cancun in December
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linked to the Europe 2020 strategy
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EU's flagship policy towards the se
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to be included in the national LLL
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industry and sectoral social dialog
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In the construction sector, the Eur
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In the sugar sector, the implementa
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Directive on 30 May 2012. In this,
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well represented at the higher leve
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to establish and/or improve nationa
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Federation of Textiles, Clothing an
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Chart 7.1 Number and type of texts
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commitment to the aim of full imple
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Table 7.1: European sectoral social
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Table 7.2: European social partner
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Recovering and strengthening compet
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Joint position regarding the Europe
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developments, explains the Commissi
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The review is based on consultation
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concluded on 21 May 2012 a European
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Furthermore, studies were commissio
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Report of 26 October 2012 on the im
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Six judgments were delivered relati
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In Case C-3/10 162 , the ECJ ruled
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In Case C 282/10 179 , the ECJ deci
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8.3 Health and safety of workers 8.
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8.3.5 Exposure to asbestos Practica
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of data due to the need for major a
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and effects of the EU Directives on
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2. FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS DIRECTI
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