Industrial Relations in Europe 2012 - European Commission - Europa

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Table 2.1 GINI coefficients for the total population based on equalised disposable income, 2005 – 2010* 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 SI 23.8 23.7 23.2 23.4 22.7 23.8 23.8 HU 26.0 25.3 25.3 24.7 25.1 24.9 25.2 CZ 26.2 28.1 24.5 23.7 24.8 25.9 25.7 SK 27.6 33.3 25.6 25.2 24.7 24.1 26.9 CEECs 33.2 33.0 31.8 31.3 30.7 30.3 30.5 EU-27 30.6 30.2 30.6 30.8 30.4 30.5 30.7 EU-15 29.9 29.5 30.2 30.7 30.4 30.5 30.8 PL 35.6 33.3 32.2 32.0 31.4 31.1 31.1 EE 34.1 33.1 33.4 30.9 31.4 31.3 31.9 BG 36.3 35.0 33.8 34.0 35.5 36.9 32.9 RO 31.0 33.0 37.8 36.0 34.9 33.3 33.2 LV 25.0 31.2 35.3 35.9 33.4 33.2 35.1 LT 36.1 39.2 35.4 37.7 37.4 36.1 35.2 * The GINI coefficient measures income inequality in a particular country. A lower coefficient means lower inequality; while a higher coefficient means higher inequality among the country’s population. Source: Eurostat, EU-SILC Note: Years relate to the income year in each case, the survey being carried out in the subsequent year. The CEECs also vary in their public sector size and employment. Table 2.2 documents the fact that Lithuania and Latvia had the highest levels of public sector employment among eight CEECs in 2008. This is mainly due to their high shares of government employment as a proportion of total public sector employment. In contrast, we find the lowest share of public sector employment in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. With the exception of Slovakia, the share of government employment of total employment remained relatively stable across the CEECs between 1997 and 2008. In Slovakia, the share of government employment declined from 24% to less than 15% between 1997 and 2008. In contrast to government employment, all CEECs where data are available demonstrate a declining trend in the share of employment in publicly-owned enterprises, as a proportion of total employment. The greatest decline has been reported in Bulgaria, from over 26% in 1997 to 5% in 2006. 8 8 Source: data on public sector employment are from the ILO Laborsta database. 73
Table 2.2 Public sector employment as share of the total employed population in the CEECs, 2008* General government employment Employment in publicly owned enterprises Total public sector employment LT 22.9% 5.3% 28.2% LV 22.1% 6.4% 28.5% HU 21.2% n/a n/a EE 20.1% 3.9% 24.0% SI 15.0% 8.6% 23.6% SK 14.8% 6.0% 20.8% BG 14.7% 5.3% 20.0% CZ 13.5% 7.0% 20.5% RO 13.0% n/a n/a PL 10.8% 13.0% 23.8% * 2007 for the Czech Republic and 2006 for Bulgaria. Source: calculations based on ILO Laborsta. The ILO defines public sector employment as the aggregate of employment in general government and in publicly owned enterprises. The shrinking size of public sector employment is related to an important trend across the CEECs, namely, the outsourcing of public services to private providers. As a consequence, a proportion of public sector employees have lost their public servant status during recent reforms and are no longer listed under public sector employment. For example, as a consequence of healthcare reforms in Hungary and Slovakia, employees in public hospitals lost their public servant status and are no longer covered by collective agreements applicable to public sector employees (Kahancová and Szabó 2012). While comprehensive data on the extent of outsourcing are not available, evidence on the final consumption expenditure in General Government as a percentage of GDP in the CEECs gives some indication of expenditure in this particular subsector of the public sector and the share of wages in government costs (see Chart 2.8). Chart 2.8: Final consumption expenditure of General Government (% GDP) in the CEECs, 2000 and 2011 Source: Eurostat, Government statistics Note: ‘Costs of goods and services used and financed by General Government’ consist of ‘Intermediate consumption’ plus ‘Social transfers in kind supplied to households via market 74
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Industrial Relations in Europe 2012
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Neither the European Commission nor
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Table of contents Executive summary
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employers. The second covers countr
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as has trade union fragmentation, d
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collective bargaining, in other cou
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fragmentation and pay dispersion ha
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Generating new jobs and transformin
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een negligible. Second- and third-t
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Nevertheless, the study indicated m
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1: Overview of European, na
Page 26 and 27: 2010, collective bargaining coverag
Page 28 and 29: short period of eight years. In Est
Page 30 and 31: Chart 1.6: Bargaining centralisatio
Page 32 and 33: A core aim of the CAWIE project has
Page 34 and 35: purposes of the present analysis. T
Page 36 and 37: have been substituted by contractin
Page 38 and 39: Table 1.1 shows that in 11 countrie
Page 40 and 41: SI SK UK Central level agreements.
Page 42 and 43: IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 44 and 45: Across the EU the magnitude of the
Page 46 and 47: IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE Jo
Page 48 and 49: argaining in the same way so that d
Page 50 and 51: Table 1.6: Major unions in the publ
Page 52 and 53: LU LV MT NL General Confederation o
Page 54 and 55: As shown by Visser (2010) for the n
Page 56 and 57: 1.5 Employers’ associations In co
Page 58 and 59: SI SK Governmental bargaining group
Page 60 and 61: State-centred, including Greece, Sp
Page 62 and 63: Chart 1.12: Comparison between nati
Page 64 and 65: this would imply that industrial re
Page 66 and 67: Doellgast, V. and Greer, I. (2007),
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 2: Industrial relations dev
Page 70 and 71: the only available source of compar
Page 72 and 73: Chart 2.4: Annual net earnings in t
Page 76 and 77: producers’ Finally, the governmen
Page 78 and 79: A weakening membership base indicat
Page 80 and 81: less eager to join an employers’
Page 82 and 83: The lower degree of bargaining coor
Page 84 and 85: Existence of tripartite council con
Page 86 and 87: including trade unions in policymak
Page 88 and 89: Legal extension of collective agree
Page 90 and 91: Descriptive statistical evidence (s
Page 92 and 93: of sector-level collective agreemen
Page 94 and 95: * Italics indicate pacts addressing
Page 96 and 97: the liberal CEECs (LT, LV, EE, RO a
Page 98 and 99: 2.3.7 Interim conclusions Unionisat
Page 100 and 101: Chart 2.16: Multi-national companie
Page 102 and 103: Box 2.3 Coping with the economic cr
Page 104 and 105: motivation for employers was findin
Page 106 and 107: EE HU rapid increase before the cri
Page 108 and 109: SK 2011: cuts/freeze planned SI 200
Page 110 and 111: cooperation within the EU, where be
Page 112 and 113: cabinet resignation, Romania renege
Page 114 and 115: important for building additional r
Page 116 and 117: References Avdagic, S. (2005), ‘S
Page 118: egulationin Eastern Europe’, in D
Page 121 and 122: and not an exact measurement of the
Page 123 and 124: Of the remaining countries, four -
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In some cases this is linked to emp
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and social security activities have
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Table 3.4 Part-time employment, 201
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Table 3.6 Number employed in tempor
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3.4 Employment status and the right
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employees (Angestellte and Arbeiter
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Table 3.8 Trade union density in th
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distinguish between ‘technical’
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with adequate services as well as t
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Wales) about pay increases, based o
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majority public ownership) than in
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3.7 Centralisation, decentralisatio
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government over the entire bargaini
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3.8 Industrial conflict and settlem
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all of public employees. Career civ
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is also paid to equal pay and low-p
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Casale G. (2008), Public service la
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Pedersini R. (2009), “La riforma
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Appendix 3.1 Number employed in pub
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Chapter 4: The consequences of the
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had a lengthy engagement with NPM r
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Moreover, after an initial increase
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GDP), Denmark (3.2%), Cyprus (0.9%)
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in 2009 - a target that was missed
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public sector and its workforce in
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Pay Cut Pay Freeze Other measures H
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Nevertheless, it should be remember
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able to progress to higher salary p
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the sharing of information technolo
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and moves towards fiscal consolidat
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the importance of inward investment
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In countries less affected by auste
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Spain -18,000 in 2010 in public adm
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4.5.2 Responses of social partners
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Country Protest & Strikes Finland F
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Country Protest & Strikes Spain Ext
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It has been suggested that although
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Acknowledgements We thank Berndt Ke
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Ibsen, C., Larsen, T., Madsen, J. a
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Chapter 5: Greening the social dial
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(Ueapme 2010 55 ). Fostering the ad
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5.3 Cooperative approaches in manag
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Chemical industry institutes) is th
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5.4 Representation within an emergi
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In other countries, the emergence o
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Skills developments Career and empl
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(WiRES 83 ) looked into the aspect
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Career and employment security Heal
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solar energy production, has launch
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will hire unemployed workers, with
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Overall, industrial relations in gr
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References Arbeiterkammer Wien, Ins
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Chapter 6: Social partner involveme
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the same country in different areas
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6.3 Unemployment benefit systems Th
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established tripartite cooperation.
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would appear that the funds were a
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Further, according to the most rece
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An example of social concertation i
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government will facilitate the acco
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funds. The schemes were based on pe
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of industrial actions in the summer
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managing these insurance funds is t
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6.6.2 Social partner influence on p
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etirement income gap by private fun
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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Natali D (2009), Public/private mix
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Commission must consult the social
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social partners' increasing role as
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The agreement is a significant achi
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the Commission not to present it to
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In late July 2012 the cross-industr
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Through the AGS the Commission has
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workplaces in local and regional go
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Moreover, the social partners are c
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Change Summit in Cancun in December
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linked to the Europe 2020 strategy
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EU's flagship policy towards the se
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to be included in the national LLL
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industry and sectoral social dialog
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In the construction sector, the Eur
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In the sugar sector, the implementa
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Directive on 30 May 2012. In this,
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well represented at the higher leve
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to establish and/or improve nationa
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Federation of Textiles, Clothing an
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Chart 7.1 Number and type of texts
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commitment to the aim of full imple
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Table 7.1: European sectoral social
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Table 7.2: European social partner
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Recovering and strengthening compet
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Joint position regarding the Europe
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developments, explains the Commissi
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The review is based on consultation
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concluded on 21 May 2012 a European
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Furthermore, studies were commissio
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Report of 26 October 2012 on the im
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Six judgments were delivered relati
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In Case C-3/10 162 , the ECJ ruled
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In Case C 282/10 179 , the ECJ deci
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8.3 Health and safety of workers 8.
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8.3.5 Exposure to asbestos Practica
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of data due to the need for major a
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and effects of the EU Directives on
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2. FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS DIRECTI
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HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free
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