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The education and training sector has an additional challenge raised as a consequence of greater reliance on e-commerce. That is to produce people with the set of skills and abilities that will be needed in the future economy. The greater challenges and opportunity were summarised by Professor Alan Gilbert of the University of Melbourne: ‘…modern internationalised economies will need the support of advanced educational and training institutions [as] demand for the advanced human skills, operating more and more in an international marketplace, greatly outstrips the supply. In a knowledge—based economy, ‘knowledge workers’ are the most valuable resource, and nations unable to produce and re-produce them are ipso facto resource poor.’ Professor Alan D. Gilbert, 1997 R J White Services Lecture, p. 6 10.6 External dimensions The impact of e-commerce to the Australian education sector will depend on how successfully it can compete in this increasingly global arena. As distance education goes online, massive changes will occur in the education sector. This will be a refinement of existing services and improved provision of these services, with all the world as a market. The international implications are both positive and negative. On the plus side, more overseas students will be able to study with Australian institutions, but more Australians will be able to study with overseas institutions. Interview: Stewart Marshall, Central Queensland University, IRG member, 21 July 1999 Australia has been a significant exporter of education in recent years (i.e. an importer of foreign students). To date, Australia has not suffered significant loss of revenue offshore. As the risk has increased of that revenue being competed away by other countries (including the students’ countries of origin), universities in particular have ada<strong>pt</strong>ed their strategies by establishing strategic relationships in key overseas markets, and acquiring or building offshore campuses. For some degree programs, high-prestige institutions could use their reputation to attract students who would otherwise attend a local facility. However, fears that information technologies may adversely affect education date back to the radio and surfaced again with the advent of television and video cassette recorders. Such fears were groundless, and the same may be true for the Internet growth of e-commerce. 26 Instead, owing to the Internet’s ease of access and convenience for distance learning, overall demand will probably expand, leading to growth in this segment of e-commerce but little displacement of existing programs. Nevertheless, competition should increase as geographical constraints subside. Once the domain of somewhat unconventional educational institutions, distance learning is now offered by a wide number of prestigious institutions. 26 OECD 1999, p. 46. 164
Key points Greater use of e-commerce and the Internet in the education sector is expected to reduce service and administration costs. This change should reduce many barriers to entry into the sector, increasing the number of institutions involved and expanding the range of offerings. This should also change the model of education delivery, Geography in particular will become less of a constraint. It would also enhance benefits for students by increasing the choice in the number and nature of institutions available. Overall, by reducing costs and barriers to information and knowledge the quality of education should increase. This is particularly so for students involved in distance learning. It has not been practical to include many of these impacts into the modelling undertaken in this pilot study. Many of the identified effects were not easily quantified. The model will pick out effects where input costs change for this sector. 165
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2000 I
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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Part 2 - Case studies Section One I
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Executive summary E-commerce is sti
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Part 1— economic analysis
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Chapter One Study context, aims and
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Within the business-to-business cat
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Table 1.4 Projected growth in econo
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Chapter Two Economic issues What di
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Exhibit 2.1 Disintermediation effec
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Table 2.1 E-commerce impact on vari
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Chapter Three Changes ahead—indus
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Health Significant efficiencies sta
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Chapter Four Economy-wide assessmen
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Direct changes and flow on impacts
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consumption relative to economic ac
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External competitiveness Greater us
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Industry outcomes Greater use of e-
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Food products The food products sec
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people with differing occupational
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Tasmania and the Northern Territory
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Table 4.2 Regional growth and emplo
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The data for country regions (Exhib
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impacts are a reasonable representa
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Chapter Six Policy implications and
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Appendix A Study methodology, shock
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confidence. This is at the expense
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All of the GDP gain generated by ch
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(s11) Saving of particular inputs I
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Table A.1 continued Commodity Per c
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Table A.2 continued Engine & Boiler
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Table A.2 continued Safety Inspecto
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Table A.3 continued Industries 2007
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B.2 The structure of MONASH The cor
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simulations it is assumed that the
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Table B.1 (Continued) MONASH-RR Reg
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C.2 Forecasts for macroeconomic var
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other grains, iron and non-iron ore
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The numbers in column (II) of Table
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Productivity growth over the histor
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forecast of a 0.1 per cent decline
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Productivity growth in the construc
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Employment prospects in the sector
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Table D.1 continued Textiles, cloth
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Table D.1 continued Health, educati
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Table D.2 continued 45 Bags and Con
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Part 2 — case studies
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Industry sectors’ use of e-commer
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e-commerce were chosen. Key questio
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Banking For some time now most of t
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2.3 Cost savings Banks are keen to
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2.5 Changing business modes Branch
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Banks are also looking to take adva
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NAB, as a multinational, is already
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activities such as consumer electro
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Box 3.2 Building a business on e-co
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One of the issues for all industrie
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Box 4.2 Australia Post and e-commer
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Opportunities are being created for
Page 126 and 127: Value can be transferred into Austr
Page 128 and 129: Continued use of email and the deve
Page 130 and 131: E-commerce allows some flexibility
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Page 134 and 135: are introduced to market at a start
Page 136 and 137: educe the duplication of assessment
Page 138 and 139: 6.3 Cost savings as a result of ele
Page 140 and 141: The primary e-commerce tools for im
Page 142 and 143: New service modes and channels to t
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Page 146 and 147: This Section will review the implic
Page 148 and 149: of greater depth. (It should be not
Page 150 and 151: consumers watch five per cent less
Page 152 and 153: artist is the promotion which airpl
Page 154 and 155: New costs The fragmentation and reg
Page 156 and 157: gambled. The development of Interne
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Page 160 and 161: Making a purchase over the Internet
Page 162 and 163: Customers who access troubleshootin
Page 164 and 165: they does not actually sell those i
Page 166 and 167: Key points There are few other sect
Page 168 and 169: e-commerce allows quicker order pro
Page 170 and 171: 9.3 New costs The demand for busine
Page 172 and 173: How a ticket is sold, through an ag
Page 174 and 175: Box 10.1 Case study: E-commerce and
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Page 180 and 181: 11.2 Production Manufacturing busin
Page 182 and 183: Opportunities for re-intermediation
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Page 188 and 189: years’ time. 30 This reflects an
Page 190 and 191: seeks to provide a point of referen
Page 192 and 193: To a small extent, direct selling t
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Page 196 and 197: Box 13.1 Austmine—a window for th
Page 198 and 199: Box 13.2 Leaving mining sites for w
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