ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for top-predators specified in the Environmental Strategy. Data: National Environmental Monitoring Programme, Eagle Club. Category Baseline level in 2004, number of pairs Status, number of pairs in 2008 Trend Black stork 100–115 80 decline White-tailed eagle 140 165 rise Osprey 45 55 rise Golden eagle 45 55 rise Greater spotted eagle 20–30 20 decline Lesser spotted eagle 500–600 550 stable Threatened species According to the list of species in the Estonian Red Book, the level of threat of only about 4300 species indigenous to Estonia (16%) has been assessed. As a result of the last assessment, there are 1296 threatened species in Estonia (about 30% of the species assessed) D . A total of 295 species (7% of all species assessed and around 1% of all species found in Estonia) are considered extinct or nearly extinct in Estonia. Based on the above it can be concluded that biological diversity in Estonia has been little-studied, especially in the case of groups with greater numbers of species and ones that are more difficult to investigate such as invertebrates, fungi and algae (figure 8.2). Of the species assessed, the abundance trend is known in the case of only one-quarter of them – 1004 species. For 34 of these, the abundance trend is rising. The abundance trend for about one-half (498) of the species has been assessed stable and 418 species evince a declining trend (figure 8.3). On the basis of the Red List, the total number of threatened species in the period 1978–2008 rose from 245 to around 1300 (figure 8.4). This does not necessarily mean that the threat for species has grown, as it is 100 possible that many of the threatened species as early as 80 in 1978 were simply not assessed back then. Thus it can only be conjectured that the actual threat has risen the most for vascular plants, as the likely extent to which they were assessed was the same already in 1978. On the other hand, the rise in the number of threatened species among mosses, fungi and lichens may point to a more comprehensive level of study and fuller assessment, which does not however mean that these groups of species are in any less danger. The abovementioned groups make up 87% of the total number of threatened species. The apparent decrease in the number of threatened invertebrate species in comparison between 1998 and 2008 is due to the change in assessment methods, as a result of which a great number of the species assessed as threatened in 1998 were assessed as poorly studied in 2008. Only one-quarter of almost 100 species with pan- European importance and protection value can be assessed as having favourable species protection status and slightly over one-quarter of other species require more study before they can receive any sort of assessment. Nearly one-half of the species has poor or insufficient status; i.e. the conservation of vital populations E of these species in Estonia is not guaranteed (figure 8.5). 60 40 20 16 % 0 100 100 100 100 97 74 65 25 19 1 fish amphibians and reptiles birds mammals vascular plants mosses lichens algae fungi invertebrates Figure 8.2. The graph shows, by each group of species, how great a share of the known species has had their threat level assessed. The red line is showing total share. Data: Estonian red list 2008. 126 D Threatened species – in the given case, the following categories in the Estonian Red List: Near Threatened – NT, Vulnerable – VU, Endangered – EN, Critically endangered – CR or Regionally Extinct – RE. The categories derive from the IUCN Red List manual at: http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RLcats2001booklet.html E Population – group of organisms (individuals) of the same species which inhabit a common territory. kokku
ising 1% declining 10% stable 12% variable 1% unknown 76% Figure 8.3. Trend in the abundance of threatened species as of 2008. Data: Estonia’s Red Books (Lists) 1979, 1988, 1998 and 2008. 1400 1200 1000 800 600 mammals birds amphibians and reptiles fish invertebrates lichens fungi algae mosses vascular plants 400 200 0 Figure 8.4. Number of threatened species in 1978–2008. Data: Estonia’s Red Books (Lists) 1979, 1988, 1998 and 2008. insufficient 42% poor 7% unknown 27% favourable 24% Figure 8.5. Rating of the protection status in Estonia of the species listed in the annexes to the EU directives. Data: Ministry of the Environment. 127
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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