ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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non-initiation of Natura environmental impact assessment 9% initiation of Natura environmental impact assessment 6% all notices Figure 8.8. Initiation and non-initiation notices regarding assessment of the impact of economic activities on Natura 2000 areas as a percentage of all environmental impact assessment notices 8.8 in 2005–2008. Data: SEIT. non-initiation of Natura environmental impact assessment initiation of Natura environmental impact assessment 100 80 32 58 66 60 number of notices, % 40 20 0 68 42 34 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 Figure 8.9. Ratio of initiation to non-initiation of Natura environmental impact assessment, 2005–2008. Data: SEIT. Urban sprawl Fairly rapid growth takes place in residential areas near the cities. This results in species habitats being overrun and loss in the region’s biological diversity. According to Statistics Estonia, Tallinn had a population in 2008 of 397,617 inhabitants and if they all were to live in detached homes, with an average of four people and a 1000-squaremetre plot, 10,000 hectares would be required solely for residential areas. The total area of Tallinn, however, is only 15,827 hectares G , moreover commerce and infrastructure also require space, as do public land and recreation areas. In conditions of unbalanced and undirected spatial planning, spontaneous urban sprawl has taken place within a radius of 30 km of Tallinn (as well as in the vicinity of other cities) which is also indicated by analysis of changes in CORINE land cover (see the areas marked red on map 7.3 in chapter 7.2.1). 130 G Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2008. Statistical Yearbook of Estonia (2008). / Ed. S. Linnas. Tallinn: Statistics Estonia [WWW] http://www.stat.ee/18920, p 7.
Alien species Most alien species are in their country of origin common plants and animals and do not pose a danger to the local ecosystem there as they are its natural part. A majority of the alien species in a new environment do not manage to survive in the new conditions and do not pose a threat to Estonian nature. About one in ten adapts to the new conditions and one-tenth of those in turn becomes invasive – they can pose a risk to the ecosystem or parts thereof; they may have a noteworthy negative effect on the environment, agriculture and human health. Invasive alien species are estimated to account for one in four or even one in two (primarily on the islands) most important factors H that reduce local biodiversity. Alien species that have adapted to the new conditions may invade niches in natural communities inhabited by indigenous species. The newcomers do not have connections to other species in the local ecosystem to the extent that native species do; as a result the networks of interconnections in the ecosystem become weaker and biological diversity generally declines as well. The influx of alien species can be accompanied by new diseases and pests who find new food sources in their new land. Often alien species intermingle with native relatives, thus changing the species gene pool. The most dangerous alien species are the ones that become domesticated, i.e. become widespread and reproduce independently in local natural communities. Unfortunately we are not able to foresee invasiveness of alien species, and the shift in timescale may be especially misleading. An explosive spread may occur decades after the species is introduced. The clearest sign of danger is the invasiveness of a species in a region with similar natural conditions I . A total of 942 alien species had been registered in Estonia as of <strong>2009</strong>. The invasive ones amount to 133, including 76 plants, 35 invertebrates, 14 fish, 4 mammals and 3 species of birds and 1 amphibian species (figure 8.10). The invasive species with the biggest impact on Estonia and the ones that have caused the greatest losses are the American mink, raccoon dog, mosquito (Culex pipiens molestus), pharaoh ant (Monomoria pharaonis), the webbing clothes moth (Tineolea biselliella), the Sosnowski’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi), the giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Turkish rocket (Bunias orientalis) and Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus). Without immediate control measures, American crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and Spanish slug (Arion lusitanicus) may cause great damage in the near future. Arion lusitanicus is a rapidly reproducing slug, data on which began to be collected in Estonia in 2008. This pest with a rapid reproductive capacity is mainly spread through places that sell plants and nurseries. In the near future, species from North America that have reached Europe may spread to Estonia, such as the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis), Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Their influence on the European beaver, Eurasian red squirrel and greylag goose may lead to their extinction. non-invasive or unknown invasive or potentially invasive 100 80 1 10 135 60 40 20 % 0 4 3 mammals birds amphibians fish 68 42 34 1 14 35 76 663 invertebrates plants Figure 8.10. Number of alien species in Estonia as of <strong>2009</strong>. Data: Ministry of the Environment. H Maismaa võõrliikide käsiraamat. (Handbook of the world’s alien species.) (2008). / Ed. L. Eek, T. Kukk. Tallinn : Ministry of the Environment. I Invasiivsed võõrliigid Eestis. (Invasive species in Estonia.) (2005). / Compiled by. T. Kull, Ed. T. Kukk. Tallinn : Ministry of the Environment. [WWW] http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=89801/Invasiivsed_voorliigid.pdf 131
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
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40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
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other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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