ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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9.9. Waste disposal 9.9.1. Waste disposal volumes The main method for disposal of waste in 2003–2007 was deposition of waste in landfills and this will continue to be the predominant method in future as well – as long as oil shale continues to be mined and used for energy and shale oil production. Waste related to oil shale mining and energy sector accounted for 95% of all landfilled waste in the years under observation. Whereas the quantities of waste disposed of in 2003– 2007 stayed more or less on the same level, the amount of waste compared to all waste generated has decreased with each year – from 69% in 2003 to 58% in 2007 (figure 9.13). Thus the general objective in the national waste plan (2002) regarding reduction of quantities of waste deposited in the environment has been fulfilled. Besides landfilling waste, one of the most important of the other disposal methods in 2003–2007 was physicalchemical processing. This is in essence preliminary processing in the course of which waste is made suitable for the purpose of further disposal. This method is used on bilge water in ports and other oil-containing waste, laboratory chemicals, septic tank sediments, whey and other liquid waste, potentially containing hazardous materials. Incineration of waste without the energy recovery has decreased (from 2,500 tonnes in 2004 to 21 tonnes in 2007). The amount of landfill-bound waste generated in the oil shale industry depends on the energy and shale oil production output and technologies used, but the introduction of other kinds of waste into the environment can be reduced by intensive separate collection of waste by category, sorting and increasing the effectiveness of re-use and recovery of sorted types of waste. Considering the composition of mixed waste and experiences of other countries, it is possible to reduce the releasing of waste into the environment by 50% E . A key possibility for reducing quantities of mixed waste to the landfill is so-called mechanical-biological treatment. This method of handling waste allows a large part of energy-value mixed waste to be separated; it can be incinerated in cement kilns. As such, mechanicalbiological treatment of waste can be seen as one part of the process of waste recovery, which can be used to reduce the volume of mixed waste left over in post-sorting by 50–60%. Mass incineration of waste will likely be implemented as a second alternative for handling mixed waste in the Tallinn area in 2011–2012. To reduce the amounts and hazardousness of waste released into the environment, a number of restrictions on landfills have been established by the Waste Act. For example, from 1 January 2003, only treated waste may be deposited in landfills. It is prohibited to landfill liquid waste, waste with certain hazardous properties, and undefined substances. Effective 16 July 2003, it is prohibited to landfill unshredded tyres and from 16 July 2006, deposition even of shredded tyres is prohibited. From 16 July <strong>2009</strong>, it is no longer allowed to deposit waste in landfills that do not conform to the requirements. From 2010, the municipal waste deposited in landfills may not include more than 45% biodegradable waste by weight. 156 E Deposition and handling of municipal waste is described in detail in the subsection “Hazardous waste generation and handling”.
deposition in landfills other disposal waste generation (including collection) share of landfilled waste of waste generated (%) 20 90% 16 60% 12 millions of tonnes 8 4 0 9.2 0.02 9.5 0.02 9.5 0.04 10.5 0.07 12.6 0.06 11.5 0.10 11.4 0.10 11.0 0.29 12.2 0.08 30% 0% 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 9.13. Disposal of hazardous waste, including in landfills in 1999–2007. Data: EEIC. How much one person in Estonia sends valuable resources to landfills and how much could be recovered instead Waste generated by the average person per year is 440 kg Deposition of waste as of the end of 2007 Objective for depositing waste When waste incineration comes into effect Biodegradable waste (36%) 160 kg Recovery 140 kg Recovery 340 kg Recovery 415 kg Paper, cardboard, paper packaging (19%) 83 kg Plastic and glass packaging (19%) 83 kg Landfill 300 kg Other waste (23%) 101 kg WEEE and hazardous waste (3%) 13 kg Majority of waste ends up in landfills Landfill 100 kg Only waste which it is impossible to recover ends up in landfills Landfill 25 kg Figure 9.14. Waste generation in 2007 and possible recovery amount. Data: Ministry of the Environment. 157
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
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40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
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other mobile pollution sources 0.04
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6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
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Compared to years past, the number
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Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
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6. Water The existence of clean fre
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300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
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6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
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250 wastewater volume total phospho
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Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
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6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
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6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
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6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
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Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
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6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
Page 183 and 184: year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186: Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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